Do Comedies Beginning in Turmoil but Ending in Harmony Celebrate Life? Essay

This is not the best essay (it’s rubbish but take from it what you will) To some extent, the statement is true as proof lies in many plays and novels. An example of this is Shakespeare’s comedic plays. The play ‘A Midsummer Night’s Dream’ begins in Athens where there is turmoil in the sense that Egeus’ daughter, Hermia, does not want to marry Demetrius. At the time of writing the play, these kinds of issues where the epitome of turmoil, parents were desperate to have their daughters married off, the disobedience of this tradition would have caused disharmony and embarrassment, which at the time of writing the plot was abhorrent, demonstrating the turmoil referred to in the question. By the end of the play, the characters fall in love with their respective partners, thus the play ends in harmony. This can mean that the Shakespearean comedy celebrates life as it demonstrates the hardships that the characters faced and how they overcame them. This shows the audience that they can also overcome the situations that they are facing as the audience could relate to the characters. This provided the audience with reassurance and a motive to remain positive, they know that their problems will be solved eventually. The comedy in this sense is celebrating life’s pain, harmony and ability to overcome. However, many comedies that begin in turmoil and end in harmony fail to ‘celebrate life’. Examples include Heller’s ‘Catch 22’. This novel includes the main character Yossarian trapped in the middle of World War II. It is soon revealed that Yossarian seems to think that everyone is trying to kill him, and so takes the war on a personal level. This situation appears quixotic and so the reader is subsequently unattached from the novel and the improbable storyline. Readers are unable to feel a connection to Yossarian, and the plot of the novel means that readers are unable to draw parallels from their own lives to Yossarian’s or any other characters, consequently the story does not celebrate life of the readers or the characters, even if the novel ends in harmony. The novel being set in World War II and the audience reading in the 1960s up until today suggests that life would have been completely different. This includes the fact that in the 1960s and to today turmoil is perpetual, especially recently with all sorts of problems regarding the recession, politics and personal issues such as rises in divorce and dealing with depression. Consequently, the issues dealt with in ‘Catch 22’ concerning the war are completely different to what people arerecently dealing with thus making it progressively difficult to relate to, and so the comedy does not celebrate life in this sense, the two lives differ enormously. However, it could be argued that the distorted image of life that Heller has put across in ‘Catch 22’ could be celebrated. Although the novel contains improbable situations and unlikely events, the readers are still able to somewhat relate to the characters through their personalities and can develop a connection with certain characters they feel they may relate to. ‘Catch 22’ ends in harmony, at which point the readers would be able to joyous for the fictitious characters and the obstacles they’ve overcome, the comedy in this sense is celebrating life of the fictional characters. Other comedic texts, such as Pride and Prejudice celebrate life as Jane Austen writes the book to be metaphorically representing life at the time of writing. In the novel, a mother is desperate to have her daughters married; this was very common in the 1800s. Along with this, PP deals with issues regarding manners, education and upbringing; all of which were important in the audience at the time because of the society that they were in. This in itself celebrates life of the people of that generation as the novel metaphorically represents the lives of the readers, the hardships they face to do with class, marriage, education, how these are overcome and prospective happy ending. The readers may not necessarily achieve the same happy ending, or a happy ending at all, but the fact that Austen has employed the happy ending allows the readers to feel resonance, and also happiness for the characters and because through Austen’s writing style, they have been so closely connected to, almost like friends. Thus the life of the characters is celebrated as well as the readers, whether or not they gain the same outcome.

Electronic medical records systems

INTRODUCTIONScientific and social changes of the 21st century have brought a radical change in the Health care delivery system with excellent technological innovations. One such innovation is the Electronic Medical Record System. An electronic medical record (EMR) is a medical record in digital format.The health care sector is accountable today with an alarming rise in medical litigations.This legal accountability of the health care system has given rise to a number of documents that have to be recorded ,preserved and made available to the patients on demand.The documentation includes, 1.Diagnosis and Treatment Report which very Health Care delivery center today provides to the patient on the details of the diagnosis of the disease with follow up instructions, the Medicine information and the allergy reactions that could follow; dietary restrictions, dos and don’ts, restrictions and exercises prescribed. They take an acknowledgement either from the patient or an authorized per son after receiving the report.This documentation serves a key purpose in medical practice.2.The Health Record which is the proper documentation of records of all treatments and medications, as well as a record of a patient’s reactions and behavior. The health record is the written and legal evidence of treatment. This reflects only facts and not the judgment of the doctor. Careful and accurate documentation is vital for patient welfare and that of the doctor.Documentation includes, medication administered, treatments done with date & time, factual, objective and complete data, with no blank spaces left in charting, on flow sheets or on check lists, calls made to health care team, client’s response, signature of the nurse in every entry and consent for treatment. A private hospital inMilan, Italy, has been asked to handover for police verification of the medical records of at least twenty one cases who had heart valve surgery, following complaints that the surgeon repl aced heart valves even in patients who did not need them replaced.3. Informed Consent, which is a document, recorded before any terminally ill person receives his chemotherapy or an invasive procedure. The patient or his/her health attorney should give a well-documented informed consent before such procedures.Informed consent means that tests, treatments and medications have been explained to the person, as well as outcomes, possible complications and alternative procedures. Any medical hospital can be pushed into a center of a litigation storm after allegations without informed consent.4.Medical Billing and Insurance, which are part of the health care system in USA.Electronic medical record keeping facilitates access of patient data by physicians at any given location ,accurate   claims processing by insurance companies , building automated checks for drug and allergy interactions,clinical notes and laboratory reports.The term electronic medical record can be expanded to include systems which keep track of other relevant medical information.THE TECHNOLOGYFive levels of an Electronic HealthCare Record (EHCR) keeping can be classified as follows;1.The Automated Medical Record ,which is a paper-based record with some computer-generated documents. 2.The Computerized Medical Record (CMR), which makes the documents of level 1 electronically available. 3.The Electronic Medical Record (EMR) which restructures and optimizes the documents of the previous levels ensuring inter-operability of all documentation systems.4.The Electronic Patient Record (EPR) which is a patient-centered record with information from multiple institutions.5.The Electronic Health Record (EHR) adds general health-related information to the EPR that is not necessarily related to a disease. The development of standards for EMR interoperability is vital because of the fact that without interoperable EMRs, practicing physicians, pharmacies and health care institutions cannot share patient informat ion, which is necessary for timely patient-centered care.There are many standards relating to specific operation of   EMRs in the USA and across the globe. These include â€Å"ASTM International continuity of care record † in which patient health summary is based upon XML; â€Å"ANS1 X12†,which is a set of protocols used for transmitting any data including billing information; â€Å"CEN†,which is the European Standard for EMR; â€Å"DICOM†,A popular standard in radiology record keeping and â€Å"HL7† which is commonly used in clinical document architecture applications.There are many software programs specially developed for electronic record keeping. This includes ‘Doctors partner’, an advanced Electronic Medical Records (EMR) System with Integrated Appointment Scheduling Billing, Prescription Writer, Transcription Module, Document Management and Workflow Management built to meet HIPAA standards. ‘Practice Partner Patient Reco rds’ is an award winning electronic medical records (EMR) system, allowing practices to store and retrieve patient charts electronically. There are innumerable such branded medical record softwares available today (Ringold et.al.,2000)The American Medical Association and 13 other medical groups representing 500,000 physicians have signaled their intention to go electronic with the AMA formed Physicians’ â€Å"Electronic Health Record Coalition† to recommend affordable, standards-based technology to their constituents. President Bush has also promoted a nationwide computerized medical records system in a recent visit to a children's hospital at Vanderbilt University.THE COSTThe National Academy of Sciences report states that the health care industry spent between $10 and $15 billion on information technology in 1996. RED medic Inc., a California based firm have introduced a cheap online medical record service with an annual membership of about $35.The company Web site will collect, store and access everything ever wanted by health-care professionals to know about a patient’s medications, allergies, immunizations, conditions, doctors, emergency contacts and insurance providers. The system will store and transmit more complex information such as advance directives, EKGs and other essential medical documents and diagnostic imaging techniques. This health information service is capable of delivering information to any doctor or hospital, anytime, within the United States.RISK ASSESSMENTAlthough the issue of the privacy of patient records has received due attention in the last two years with arguments that Electronic medical records presents new threats to the privacy of patient-identifiable medical records, The Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996 paved ways to protect the privacy of medical records Thus, any violation on these lines will be violation of the basic law.Under data protection legislation and the law i n USA, the responsibilty for patient records in any form including films and tracings from diagnostic imaging procedures such as x-ray, CT, PET, MRI, ultrasound, etc.   lies always on the creator and custodian of the record, who is usually a health care practice or facility and   the patient owns the information within the record and has a right to view the originals, and to obtain copies under law. Thus, electronic medical record system is a technologically viable cost effective system that has to be utilized by the health care sector governed by legal and ethical principles.CONCLUSIONEMRs can serve a great purpose by making the patient data available to any authorized physician   or   patient anywhere and anytime towards more transparent health care   when monitored effectively.REFERENCEHallvard Là ¦rum, MD, Tom H. Karlsen, MD, and Arild Faxvaag, MD, PhD. â€Å"Effects of scanning and eliminating paper based medical records on hospital physician’s clinical workà ‚  Ã‚   practice†.. Journal of the American Medical Informatics Association 10: 588-595. 2003.Medical Board of California: Medical Records – Frequently Asked Questions.Ringold, JP Santell, and PJ Schneider. â€Å"ASHP national survey of pharmacy practice in acute care   settings: dispensing and administration–1999†. American Journal of Health-System   Pharmacy 57 (19): 1759-75. 2000.US Code of Federal Regulations, â€Å"of Individually Identifiable Health Information†   Title 45, Volume 1,October 1, 2005.

Diabetes and its Complications Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Diabetes and its Complications - Essay Example Chinese patients with diabetes have the highest world-wide rate of incidence of, and mortality from, cardiovascular complications. According to the Chinese Centre for Disease Control and Prevention, the co-existence of hypertension and Type 2 diabetes increases the risk of cardiovascular disease more than 50%. More than half of Chinese patients admitted after a stroke are found to have diabetes or impaired glucose tolerance. Diabetes is a leading cause of kidney failure, and nephrosis is an enormous threat to diabetes patients. Diabetes-related kidney disease accounts for 10-30% of diabetes-related deaths and the earlier the onset of diabetes, the higher the risk of developing kidney disease. Diabetic neuropathy is the most common complication of diabetes - studies suggest that up to 50% of diabetics are affected. Neuropathy can lead to sensory loss and limb damage, and is a major cause of impotence in diabetic men. One of the most costly complications of diabetes is foot disease, especially in communities with inadequate footwear. Diabetes is the most common cause of non-traumatic amputation of the lower limb. This may be prevented by regular inspection and good care of the foot. Diabetic retinopathy is a leading cause of blindness and visual disability. ... In developing countries treatment is inaccessible to the majority of the population. Psychological symptoms are common to those who suffer from diabetes for five years or more - more than 90% of diabetics experience some kind of mental crisis. In China, more than 20% of Type 2 diabetics also suffer from depressive symptoms. Symptoms are linked to the incurable nature of the disease and complications, as well as the fact that diabetics must carefully monitor their diet and treatment. The risk of developing depressive symptoms increases over time. Obesity and overweight are major risk factors in developing diabetes, because these conditions have a strong effect on insulin resistance. A survey conducted on obese diabetic patients demonstrated that an increase in BMI1 from 22 to 23 -25 increases the incidence of diabetes by a factor of four. With a BMI of 35 or more, patients are 40 times more likely to become diabetic. The Da Qing IGT and diabetes study (Table 4) shows the incidence of Type 2 diabetes during a six year follow-up period. There is a fourfold increase in incidence of diabetes in those with a BMI 27 compared to those with a BMI 24. Clearly, higher BMI increases the risk of diabetes. In Asian countries BMI is a less reliable indicator of disease, because the WHO criteria for obesity are based on Caucasian populations. A Hong Kong study shows that using the WHO criteria, the prevalence of obesity in Japan and China was 3%. While there are many indications that the risk of Type 2 diabetes is closely related to BMI and waist circumference in the Chinese population, this risk emerges with a smaller increase in BMI and waist circumference

The Use of Information Systems to Aid Communication and Financial Assignment

The Use of Information Systems to Aid Communication and Financial Management in Business - Assignment Example This research will begin with the statement that information is one of the extremely important elements in a business organization because of that it serves as a support tool for business operation, decision making, managerial functions and organizational activities. Information is normally considered to be the most powerful asset in a business. Many businesses are effectively utilizing the information that is rich with and succeed in a market by achieving competitive advantage whereas many other firms fail in managing it and thus to surviving in the market as well. This piece of research work presents a brief report on how the information system can effectively be used to aid communication and financial management. No matter how small or large the business is, information is highly critical to it and it can help the business attain its goals. Information is essentially important for financial management for various reasons like decision making, and there have been efforts to bring e ffectiveness in approaching the information and the outcome is that an information system approach has been developed. It is important to identify, explain and evaluate how the information system is used and how it can be successfully used in communication and financial management. Stair, Reynolds, and Reynolds pointed out that information system is a set of inter-related elements or components that collect, manipulate, store and disseminate data or information and provide a corrective reaction to meet a specific objective. Information System is thus a process or system approach towards collecting the data or information as inputs, manipulating them through processes, storing them as either tacit or explicit and making use of them once they have been disseminated as outputs. An organization can be said to use information system if there is a system in which people, process, technology, and information are aligned and integrated.

Effects of Alcohol on the Body Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Effects of Alcohol on the Body - Essay Example ut the adverse effects of alcohol, my desire to speak to you about your alcohol consumption has risen, especially so that I am very much aware of your symptoms. I have learned that alcohol is an irritant which explains the burning sensation as it goes down (Kinney, 2011). However, that is not the only thing that happens as you consume more and more alcohol. Imagine what happens to your skin if you scratch it a number of times. It gets irritated and turns red. If you continue scratching it, it could either inflame or bleed. Similarly, alcohol destroys the lining of the stomach and small intestines, making patients suffer stomach pains which I know you have been complaining about for months now. However, what makes me more concerned is not only your symptom but also my suspicion that what you are suffering from is not simply inflammation but perhaps an open sore in your stomach’s lining. I strongly suggest that you see your doctor very soon before your condition gets

The use of hypnosis in pre-conception and early pregnancy problems Literature review

The use of hypnosis in pre-conception and early pregnancy problems - Literature review Example Stress is one of the main road blocks that develop when a couple is unable to conceive and this further exacerbates the problem. Clinical hypnosis is a way to calm the nerves and make the patient feel like they're in control of the situation. Clinical hypnosis is being used to help women through all stages of conception and pregnancy as discussed in the following lines; Natural Conception: Hopeful parents never turn to IVF before having explored all options in natural conception. About ten percent of the couples having difficulty to conceive are being diagnosed with 'unexplained infertility'. The purpose that hypnosis serves here, has to do with the basic definition of it, it reduces stress and helps clean out the negative thoughts culminating in the couples. It is believed that what we think has an effect on our physical selves, so hypnosis is being used to keep all those fears at bay. In Vitro Fertilization: In Vitro Fertilization is a route that many people take when natural conce ption doesn't work. It's a well known fact that IVF takes a toll physically, emotionally as well as financially. A study conducted by Professor Eliahu Levitas and his team (2004) at Soroka Hospital, Israel,the success rate of IVF treatment can possibly be doubled using various hypnosis techniques. The professor's research was focused on the effect of hypnosis during the embryo transfer. Patients were asked to think of pleasant experiences during the embryo transfer and a hypnotic state was induced by a therapist during the procedure. After the procedure was done, patient was instructed to be calm and positive before breaking the hypnosis. The results of this study indicated that twenty eight percent of the couple undergoing ET with hypnosis had successful implantations as compared to the controls where it was merely 14% (Levitas, 2006:1404-1408). Hyperemesis Gravidarum: Now moving on to early pregnancy problems, one of the most common problems that gets women hospitalized in their f irst trimester is Hyperemesis Gravidarum. "HEG is a clinical diagnosis characterized by severe and intractable vomiting and it often associated with weight loss, ketonuria, dehydration, metabolic alkalosis, and electrolyte disturbances." (Nayeri, 2012:22). It is a serious problem that must be quickly diagnosed and then treated, since it can deteriorate and harm the mother and the foetus if not taken care of. Diagnosis: Diagnosis is done with a 2 tiered approach, physical and chemical. Physical examination should include weight, temperature, blood pressure, heart rate etc but importantly, signs of dehydration should be looked for - like dry mucous membranes and poor skin turgor. Although HEG is diagnosed clinically, some laboratory investigations may be helpful like urine ketones, urine specific gravity and serum electrolytes to detect any derangements in the volume status. Other blood tests can be done to exclude any other diseases (Nayeri, 2012:24). Management: Management of HEG in volves a few objectives, like lessening the nausea, correcting dehydration and any other electrolyte imbalances along with it, and maintaining maternal weight. There are two types of measures that can be taken, pharmacological and non-pharmacological. To start with, considerable evidence has accumulated that intake of multivitamins during the period of conception and

Defending the Purpose Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Defending the Purpose - Essay Example Other law enforcement agencies focus more on the analysis of data derived from police reports, suspect information, and other collected data to aid the investigation process (Osborne and Wernicke, 2003). Many law enforcement authorities and agencies are seeking the services of crime analysts so as to help them carry out a wide range of analysis thereby enabling them to follow up crimes, investigate cases, and identify criminals. The aim of every crime analyst is to find useful information embedded within the various forms of evidences including data and reports in order to facilitate effective investigation. As such, crime analysis is an important component of law enforcement that works to aid the process through analysis of various crime data. The crime analysis process is essentially information-driven and involves collection, collation, analysis, data modification, dissemination, and feedback (Boba-Santos, 56). Collection of data is a crucial step towards gathering all the required information. This allows an in-depth analysis of the matter in the light of the available information. The different matters are examined and collated so as to draw up a meaningful image of the scenario. Data modification involves a change in data collection and analysis based on the process of crime analysis (Boba-Santos, 58). Next, the analysts disseminate the information in a quite detailed manner such that only the most germane information is presented. With the advent of technological softwares the crime analysis process is aided by various analytical programs that allow deep analysis of the available data in electronic form. This is complemented by further developments that allow useful analytics and statistical variables for examining the data from a critical perspective. However, it must be noted that analysis and statistical reporting is just one aspect of crime analysis. Hence, crime analysis is aided by both qualitative and quantitative methods of research. The

Subsidy in the Newspaper Industry Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Subsidy in the Newspaper Industry - Essay Example This very reason, a discussion and analysis of the way in which subsidies can and should be engaged is required so that the ultimate utility to follow society can be found. For purposes of this brief analysis, the author will focus upon necessity and/or exemptions from tax revenue with regards to print journalism. As a function of such a method of research, the possible benefits, it is, and drawbacks will be discussed as well as an analysis and discussion into these stakeholders with this particular debate and the means by which such a method of differs from many of the other approaches that have thus far been discussed within the course. The first and most obvious stakeholder with regards to this particular issue is the tax payer himself/herself. As the one who is most responsible for subsidizing the newsprint organization, this stakeholder is directly involved in any wealth redistribution that might take place in the form of a government subsidy. A secondary, and obvious, stakehold er is the newsprint organization itself. A third stakeholder can be determined as broader society as it would be the ones that would feel the positive secondary and tangential benefits and drawbacks of newsprint subsidization. Naturally, through such a group of stakeholders it must also be noted that the government itself can be considered a stakeholder as well.1 Through an examination of the utility and lack of utility that newsprint subsidization effects on each of these stakeholders, it it’s the hope of this author to paint a more broad and nuanced view of this very issue to the reader. Firstly, it must be understood that newsprint subsidization is ultimately a tool that the government can use to increase and retain a talent pool within a given economy. Ultimately, the reader does not need to go into a great level of research or detail to note the fact that newsprint organizations are rapidly losing market share to technology and the means through which news is succinctly and immediately represented via the Internet. However, even though technological change and the shift away from newsprint have a definitive advantage, it also comes at a definitive disadvantage for society. A litany of studies has noted the fact that individuals who consume the majority of their news from the Internet and/or TV outlets invariably spend much less of their time reading.2 Moreover, and integration with newsprint invariably increases the level of current affairs knowledge and effective communication skills that the individual who utilizes it represents. The core question with regards to this dynamic is whether or not subsidized nation of newsprint is in and of itself worth the expense. As the readership of newspapers in general has dropped precipitously over the past several years, the ultimate utility that can be gained by subsidizing newsprint must be weighed against the ultimate loss that would be incurred with regards to the subsidy/tax money that would be spent. An other important element of newspaper/newsprint subsidization is with regards to the historical preservation element. What is meant by this is the fact that many of the newspapers that currently exist throughout the developed world has been in existence for the better part of several centuries.3 Ultimately, some of the oldest newspapers in the world paid back to the very beginning of modern print journalism and/or the printing press. As a function of this, allowing newsprint to merely fold and shutter its doors would obviously have a negative impact with regards to the cultural and historical legacy that these could continue to promote. However, once again, the stakeholders in this issue must be weighed as compared to the

Nclex ; Hesi Practice Tests Essay Example for Free

Nclex ; Hesi Practice Tests Essay Denial B. Anger C. Bargaining D. Rejection 2. Which of the following matches the definition: covering up a weakness by stressing a desirable or stronger trait? A. Compensation B. Projection C. Rationalization D. Dysphoria 3. Which of the following waveforms is most commonly found with light sleepers? A. Theta B. Alpha C. Beta D. Zeta 4. Which of the following months matches with an infant first having the ability to sit-up independently? A. 4 months B. 6 months C. 8 months D. 10 months 5. Object permanence for toddlers develops in this age range? A. 5-10 months B. 10-14 months C. 12-24 months D. 15-24 months 6. Which of the following matches the definition: attributing of our own unwanted trait onto another person? A. Compensation B. Projection C. Rationalization D. Dysphoria 7. Which of the following matches the definition: the justification of behaviors using reason other than the real reason? A. Compensation B. Projection C. Rationalization D. Dysphoria 8. Which of the following matches the definition: response to severe emotion stress resulting in involuntary disturbance of physical functions? A. Conversion disorder B. Depressive reaction C. Bipolar disorder D. Alzheimers disease 9. Which of the following waveforms is most commonly found when you are awake? A. Theta B. Alpha C. Beta D. Zeta 10. The REM sleep cycle occur approximately every ____ minutes? A. 45 B. 60 C. 75 D. 90 11. Which of the following reflexes is not found at birth? A. Babinski B. Palmar C. Moro D. Flexion 12. Parallel play for toddlers develops in this age range? A. 5-10 months B. 10-14 months C. 12-24 months D. 24-48 months 13. Which of the following is not a sign of anxiety? A. Dyspnea B. Hyperventilation C. Moist mouth D. GI symptoms 14. Which of the following best describes a person that is completely awake falling asleep spontaneously? A. Cataplexy B. Narcolepsy C. Transitional sleep D. REM absence 15. Which of the following best describes a person that is unable to tell you were there hand or foot is? A. Autotopagnosia B. Cataplexy C. Ergophobia D. Anosognosia 16. Which of the following is not a characteristic of a panic disorder? A. Nausea B. Excessive perspiration C. Urination D. Chest pain 17. Which of the following categories would a 70 year old adult be placed in? A. Intimacy vs. Isolation B. Generativitiy vs. Stagnation C. Integrity vs. Despair D. Longevity vs. Guilt 18. Which of the following categories would a 60 year old adult be placed in? A. Intimacy vs. Isolation B. Generativitiy vs. Stagnation C. Integrity vs. Despair D. Longevity vs. Guilt 19. Which of the following categories would a 20 year old adult be placed in? A. Intimacy vs. Isolation B. Generativitiy vs. Stagnation C. Integrity vs. Despair D. Longevity

Economic questions Essay Example for Free

Economic questions Essay 1. It has to do with game theory. In the prisoner’s dilemma, two suspects are taken by the police and each told separately that they can gain their freedom by testifying against each other. If neither testifies, they each will serve a six months sentence. If one testifies the other stays silent, the one will go free and the other will serve 10 yrs. If both testify then both will serve 5 yrs. The best thing is for both to be silent, but the more likely scenario is that each, fearful of a long sentence, bails on the other and nobody wins. In economics it is the investors hoping to ride the high flyers into the New Year; the best outcome is for nobody to sell. Most years, that is how it works and year end rallies leave everyone satisfied. 2. Economic theory. Through regulation is the best way market failure or externalities are dealt with when they are harmful to society. Externality is an economic side effect. They are the costs or benefits that come from economic activities that affect others than the individuals that re engaged in the economic activities. Some solutions are negative- taxes, positive-subsidy. 3. Sources of income in a capitalist economy would be their property rights that entitle them to earn a profit for the use of their capital as risk in some form of economic activity. They would be related through labor by human capital. The knowledge and skill acquired by labor through education and labor. 4. The rate is determined by a percentage of its turnover or sales. 5. Investment is something investors decide how much they will spend on new investment. Example: Producers have to decide whether to replace used up or obsolete machinery, whether to expand production these costs will become an investment that in turn should make them money. There are four principal determinants of autonomous investment, the level of technology, rate of interest, expectation of future economic growth and the rate of capacity utilization. 6. With an equilibrium price. The price that equates quantity demanded to quality supplied. If any disturbance from that price occurs, excess demand or excess supply emerges to drive price back to equilibrium. 7. The classical view of how our economy behaves is this: If the economy were left on its own without the interference of government or the Fed. It would move towards an equilibrium rate of growth that would produce with only minor interruptions, full employment without inflation. This hands off rests upon two simple propositions about market, one that all markets are basically competitive and two, all prices are flexible upward and downward approaching equilibrium. Unemployment is only a temporary condition caused by wage rates climbing above the equilibrium rate. A shift in the extraction curves is the economy’s rate of unemployment and rate of inflation. 8. Supply-side economists emphasize the importance of reducing tax rates. They accept the Keynesian idea that lower tax rates will increase consumer demand, but they believe a more important consequence is the added incentive it provides suppliers. For example; lower corporate tax rates increase after tax profit, which induces suppliers to increase aggregate supply. Lower income tax rates encourage more people to work longer, adding as well to aggregate supply. 9. Savings automatically converts to investment; so that investment induced growth is dependent on saving. 10. The division of labor into specialized activities that allow individuals to be more productive. The idea that labor productivity is a function of the degree of labor specialization. 11. Upward sloping trend cutting through the cycle traces the economy’s output performance over the course of a business cycle, measured either from recession to recession or from prosperity to prosperity. The upward sloping character of the trend line signifies economic growth. 12. Every economy, whatever its level of national income, includes people earning different incomes. Knowing someone’s absolute income tells us little about that person’s income status. 13. Consumption spending is rooted in Status. High income people not only consume more goods and services than others, but also set consumption standards for everyone else. 14. Aggregate supply is the total supply of goods and services that all firms in the national economy are willing to offer at varying price levels. Aggregate demand is the total quantity demanded of these goods and services by households, firms, foreigners, and government at those varying price levels. Macroequilibrium is reach when aggregate supply equals aggregate demand. 15. Consumption spending has tended to be more stable than investment spending in the past. MPC can be counted on to remain pretty much unchanged. Autonomous consumption is hardly likely to change. Investment spending is considered volatile. Economists identify changes in aggregate expenditure as the key to understanding why national income changes. Changes in investment have highly magnified effects on national income. The income by which income changes as a result of a change in aggregate expenditure is called income multiplier. 16. The economy’s output or gross domestic product is the total value, measured in current market prices, of all final goods and services produced in the economy during a given year. 17. One solution is to combine wage and price controls with a Keynesian style job creating policy. Stabilization policy is one option. 18. Four principle factors contributing to a nations economic growth, the size of the labor force, the degree of labor specialization, or the division of labor, the size of its capital stock and the level of its technology. Savings automatically converts to investment; so that investment induced growth is dependent on savings. 19. Demand deposits are only half of a banks business. Loans are the other. The bank makes a profit only on the loans it provides, not on it deposits. Borrowers benefit from inflation where lenders, where as lenders lose money. 20. Through the circular flow model, how the economy’s resources, money, goods and services flow between households and firms through resource and product market. 21. Economies with negative balances on current account will find their exchange rate falling. And unless these rates are propped up by government intervention, they will fall to stem the currency outflows exist; the exchange rate will keep falling. Eventually the rate will reach the level appropriate to a zero balance on current account. It takes only time. He would think we were habitual borrows. 22. They are the â€Å"what is† and â€Å"what it should be† 23. Nothing because the infrastructure is what an economy’s ability for development depends upon. Such as with education to educate people involves not only the task of acquiring compliance but the funds needed to build the school and staff them.

Solution To Hanjin Problems Information Technology Essay

Solution To Hanjin Problems Information Technology Essay Shipping by its nature is a very competitive and a very complex industry. Martin Stopford, 1997 Shipping companies have to operate on a global scale and manage offices all around the world and work with a diverse work force. Merchant shipping is one of the most highly regulated industries in the world. Hence information systems play a very important role in the management of the shipping company. In this essay we will analyse a case study of how Hanjin shipping used information systems grow as a leading shipping company. Hanjin is a global transportation and Logistics Company. (Hanjin shipping, 2010).The company operates around 200 ships, mainly container vessels, gas tankers and bulk carriers. Hanjin ships are trading worldwide. Hanjin transport cargo to more than 100million tons a year to 6000 destinations worldwide. (Hanjin shipping, 2010) Companys sales network includes 200 international branch offices and 30 corporations. Over all the company is expanding rapidly on a global sca le and is also venturing into new shipping related business. Business problems Hanjin was increasing its global operations by opening new container terminals, buying new large ships, going in alliance with container lines. Hanjin lacked the logistics required to be competent in the container industry. Its 10 year old ERP systems lacked functionality and flexibility required to operate such a complex and big organisation (Oracle 2008). Hanjin understood that without end to end logistics solutions they cannot compete in container business. Hanjin also faced problems controlling procurement costs and to meet the global regulatory requirements (Oracle 2008). The data collection system was done manually and hence it was time consuming and prone to errors. Hanjin have a work force of around 4000 which are employed all around the world. It was increasing difficult for Hanjin to manage such a large and diverse work force. Solution to Hanjin problems As a solution to the problems Hanjin was facing due to its global expansion it decided to launch Process innovation project. The process innovation purpose was to establish advanced management structure and strengthening its organisational capabilities. (Sustainability report, 2006). The project applied to business process and organization structure as well as the corporate cultures based on adopting the advanced IT infrastructure. (Sustainability report, 2006, p.27). Hanjin decided to re-engineer their business process using best practice models for their ERP systems so as to gain global competitiveness. This system was going to be a long term solution, it will not directly show on balance sheet but it will be platform for launching new business projects (Business report 2006). Hanjin also decided to shift to customer based business by ensuring good service and increased customer satisfaction. Process Innovation Project The process innovation project team was assembled in October 2004 and then they spent 5 months for mapping the new systems and the process. The project will be implemented gradually on a step by step basis. The process innovation project was to be implemented during a period of 3 years. Source: (Hanjin Sustainability report, 2008, pg.27) The main aim of process innovation was to be customer centred and a profitability oriented management company. The information system used to re-in force the organisational capabilities and will prepare the management to be more customers focused. The information system development contracts were given to companies which were best in the business (Oracle, 2008). ERP was given to ORACLE while others were given to Siebel and Hyperion. During the process of project Oracle acquired Siebel and Hyperion which resulted in seamless integration and customer support. (Oracle, 2008). Information Systems (ERP) Enterprise Resource planning: Enterprise system integrates the key business processes into single system. In this system the flow of information is seamless throughout the organisation (Laudon laudon, 2007). Hanjins Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP) Internal system Internal system Source: Author generated Hanjin integrated business process such as finance and accounting, capital asset planning, human resource, procurement process. They used these for smooth flow of information in their internal system. The companys senior management was involved in the projects implementation. The Managing director and CIO of Hanjin Shipping said that To improve our global competitiveness, we needed an IT solution that supported extensive process reengineering (Oracle, 2008, pg.1). Hanjin decided to invest about 57.7 million USD on this project. They standardised the management and data collections methods, restructured the flow of data between their business systems and prepared a dictionary so as to make it easier for the staff to follow new system. As the system was implemented on a step by step basis, gradually the staff could see the benefits of the system and they were not resilient to changes, but they were will to share information in between different divisions. Company also adopted other bes t practice guidelines such as training and educating the staff, use of software support and maintenance. Benefits of Information system Source: (Hanjin Sustainability report, 2008, pg.27) The above diagram is explained using the generic model of 6Cs for explaining business benefits. Lower Cost: The e-sourcing system assisted them to procure products from a list of suppliers and they were benefited from competitive pricing which resulted in procurement costs. Cost saving per customer was increased due to increased efficiency (Oracle, 2008). Improved Communication: As the data was consolidated into a single system, hence staff gained an integrated view of operations (Oracle, 2008). Improved Management Control: New ERP systems and re-engineering process helped in improved business management. This gave the managers a complete view of the companys operations and also equipped the staff with detailed information they required to plan, execute and evaluate complex initiatives. The managers were also able to make decisions and ensure problems were addressed immediately. Performance evaluation was easier and could be easily done on a global basis and medium and long term strategy planning could be done due to data availability. (Oracle, 2008) New Capability: HR platform helped in improving the efficiency of the department. The new system helped the managers to view complete history of the staff and also discard applications. This resulted in increased efficiency of HR staff which could focus more on attracting and retaining skilled employees and also train them. (Oracle, 2008) Improved Customer Service: Due to its service network it could respond faster to customers demands. Detailed sales and marketing plans could be developed. (Oracle, 2008) Competitive Advantage: Hanjin got the recognition of a reliable logistics partner. (Sustainability report, 2008). In April 2008 Hanjin got the highest awards in logistics in Korea. (Sustainability report, 2008). Future business plans The project improved the overall performance of the company process. In future company aims to invest more in their IT systems which aims to complement their management systems as well as front office work. (Business report 2007). As the internal system implementation was completed the company now is ready to develop shipping/logistics related business which will become the companys next driving forces. Banking on their internal system they are stepping closer to become a Global logistics company. They are also planning to expand its 3PL (3rd party logistics) business by extending its global network (Hanjin Shipping, 2008). In line with their Process Innovation project they have also launched another project Knowledge management. (Sustainability report, 2008) Conclusion: The project taken by Hanjin to rebuild its business process by the use of information systems was strategically very important. Hanjin is a global organisation with different functions, organisational levels and many business processes; hence ERP system was the correct choice of information system. This project became the base to implement advance business process which complement their information systems and also increase the efficiency of the company. It helped the company to be more customers focused which is a key strategy in current times. They could venture into new aspects of business such as logistics. The selection of Oracle and Siebel was also correct because they were the best in the business. Hanjin made correct decision by integrating all systems together. The acquisition of Siebel and Hyperion by Oracle ensured that the systems have seamless integration and continuous support. The information systems which they used were in line with their business strategies which res ulted in success of the project.

Harriet Jacobs Incidents in the Life of A Slave Girl Essay -- English

Harriet Jacobs' words in Incidents in the Life of A Slave Girl clearly suggests that the life as a slave girl is harsh and unsatisfactory. In this Composition, Jacobs is born a slave, never to be freed. She struggles through life in many instances making life seem impossible. The author's purpose is to state to the people what happened during slavery times in the point of view of a slave. Her life is so harsh that she even hides from her master for 7 years in a cramped space in the top of a shed without any room to walk. The theme of the story is a statement on how slavery was a much harder way of life than many people may have thought. Many people during these times thought that slaves were happy where they were and that their lives were much easier in the southern states than in their ...

The Bluest Eye by Toni Morrison Essay -- Toni Morrisons The Bluest Ey

The Bluest Eye There are many themes that seem to run throughout this story. Each theme and conflict seems to always involve the character of Pecola Breedlove. There is the theme of finding an identity. There is also the theme of Pecola as a victim. Of all the characters in the story we can definitely sympathize with Pecola because of the many harsh circumstances she has had to go through in her lifetime. Perhaps her rape was the most tragic and dramatic experience Pecola had experiences, but nonetheless she continued her life. She eliminates her sense of ugliness, which lingers in the beginning of the story, and when she sees that she has blue eyes now she changes her perspective on life. She believes that these eyes have been given to her magically and in some respects her eyes begin to corrupt her as an individual. The story begins to take a turn and the reader realizes that the main character has begun to entirely rely on self-image in order to build confidence. This leads to the question of h ow significant are the "Blue eyes" to society and how does the theme of beauty and ugliness linger throughout the story. With this in mind, how does this make Pecola a victim of society and a victim in herself? If any person can be credited for creating the obsession of beauty that Pecola builds it is Pauline (Pecola’s mother). Pecola experiences many insecurities and it can definitely be said that many of these are because of the way that Pauline acts in society and around Pecola. It was stated in the story that Pauline would always go to the movies and rate the characters on their beauty. This is one example that shows the obsession that Pauline has with beauty and looks. This rubbed off on to her daughter and that is where Pecola received her lack of self-esteem. It is clear that Pecola idolizes the ideals of being beautiful. It is interesting that Pecola is not the person telling the story in this book, and it is Claudia instead. It seems that the author wants the reader to build an immense amount of sympathy for Pecola because it would just be less effective if Pecola was telling the story. If it Pecola that was narrating in many parts then it would be more difficult to see her as a "total victim". The structure and way this book is organized is a good clue of how Morrison wants us to see Pecola’s and all black peoples situations. Instead of ord... ...could work miracles." This comes from the character Soaphead who finally realizes what it must be like to be an African American in a racist society. If only Pecola could literally see life through the eyes of someone who is not oppressed by their society. Pecola only wants to live up to the image of a blue-eyed white person. This is important, and it shows that the author is not only speaking to the black person about their sorrows, but also to the white person which shows how a racist social system can wear down an innocent mind. Basically being white is being successful and Pecola has no hope in this society. It is not solely because of racism that Pecola is not accepted. Not only does she have to deal with the hatred she receives from the white person, but also she is an outcast in the black infrastructure. This proves that Pecola is a "total victim" because she has no way out and the only way she can be normal is to try to change who she is in order to be someone she is not. Basically Pecola is totally entrapped by everything, her past (rape etc..), her present (society both black and white) and her future (she has very little hope at being an contributing member of society).

Dramatic changes in the London areas

Whilst working on this project I have collected a series of results. My results consist of how the Central Business District (CBD) shows us the Burgess Model. As you can see by the map below London clearly shows the rings of the Burgess Model. This is just one of many maps of London that shows the Model. I found that what I intended to find from research such as maps and graphs was correct. 1) Danecourt Gardens 16 2. Carnforth Gardens 4 3. Gale Street 9 4. Harold Road -3 5. Queens Road West 4 6. Wellington Way -15 7. Bow road 4 One of the first destinations we visited was Danecourt Gardens, as you can see my results show that this location was the highest point on my graph. Danecourt Gardens showed high quality, well-designed detached properties in good condition. The range of properties in this area command high prices. This area demonstrated a safe environment consisting of uncongested streets, which resulted in easy parking and access that in turn creates little pollution. The area was attractive in design and of a good reputation; there was plenty of open space and greenery. In general this is a desirable area to live in. On the other end of the scale my graph shows a completely different story. For instance on visiting Wellington Way, which was one of my last places to visit, this graph will show expensive but badly designed and in poor condition properties. From my observations the majority of properties I saw were tower block flats. As a result of these designs it is commonly described, as a Concrete jungle. Due to this area of design parking for non-residents was difficult, parking for residents was provided by way of designated car parks. In general there was little open green space, the majority being tarmac and paving. I also observed a large amount of vandalism consisting of graffiti and damage to street furniture. Of all the locations I visited in my opinion I found Wellington Way was the poorest. Key Question: The environmental areas vary as we go further out of the Burgess Model. Going from the CBD the first type of housing you come to would be terraced housing. The last section of the burgess model would be luxury high class residential, so from the first housing section to the last you can clearly see how much the type of housing improves. Hypothesis The environmental quality clearly has an improved change with the further you travel from the CBD. My Conclusion In my conclusion I found dramatic changes in the London areas, starting with the CBD and travelling out to the more high-class residential areas. I found that this study highlighted the environmental quality within the east London areas starting with Upminster working our way down to Plaistow. I would say that quality housing usually attracts a different class of people compared to the central areas of London's terraced housing. I found that the number of detached properties greatly out numbered that of semi and terraced houses. Working my way towards the CBD the pattern of housing changed dramatically there was the occasional detached property but in main it was dominated by semi detached properties. One of the problems of this type of housing is that off road parking is poor. This makes a problem of congested streets. Eventually on reaching the centre of London all property was either terraced of flat accommodation. These particular types of properties provide no parking other than permit holders or at payment metres. The further I progressed into London the more obvious that parking was a serious problem. Gardens eventually became non-existent; the only means of relaxation was by way of balconies or rooftops. Graffiti is an environmental problem of which London has its fair share. Graffiti is wide spread over almost everything. London can be a nice place to live in, it all depends on your financial position.

How to Handle the Charge Volume of a Ball Mill or Rod Mill

In physics, the charge of a volume is commonly described by a quantity called the charge density or the charge distribution. When the electric field that arises from the charge distribution exhibits a volumetric symmetry, a handy relationship known as Gauss's Law may be used to calculate the charge distribution of the volume. The charge volume of a ball or rod mill is expressed as the percentage of the volume within the liners filled with balls or rods. When the mill is stationary, the charge volume can be quickly obtained by measuring the diameter inside the liners and the distance from the top of the mill inside the liners to the top of the charge. The percentage loading or change volume can then be read off the graph in Figure 3 or can be approximated from the following equation: % loading = 113 – 126 H/ D where H is distance from top of mill inside of lining to top of charge and D is diameter of mill. Maximum power is drawn by a mill when the charge occupies approximately 50% by volume. However, as seen in Figure 4, the power curve becomes very flat in the range above 45%. As a result, mills are seldom run with charge levels greater than 45%. In rod mills, the charge is swollen by particles of feed which separate the rods. If the mill is shut down immediately after the feed is shut off, the charge level will be greater than if the mill had been â€Å"ground out† prior to shutdown. Because of this, rod mills are normally operated with a 32 to 40 percent charge by volume. In operation, this becomes a 40 to 50 percent charge, with a bulk density considerably lower than that of stacked rods. Ball mill charge becomes measurably swollen only when there is a buildup of large unground material in the ball mill or when the density of the pulp in a wet mill is extremely high. Although these conditions are seldom encountered, it is recommended that ball mills be ground out prior to shutdown for measurement of the charge level. Ball mill: http://www. hxjqchina. com/product-list_34. html ball mills: http://www. hxjq-crusher. com/50. html vibrating feeder: http://www. hxjq-crusher. com/44. html jaw breaker: http://www. hxjq-crusher. com/1. html sand washer: http://www. hxjqchina. com/product-list_29. html

Dillemas of social control Essay

Everybody envisions a safer place and a peaceful state. However, recent events in the 21st century have extremely instilled fear and doubt to the people of the world. At present, it seems that the world has turned back to the dark ages of barbarian’s gambit of annihilation and it is challenged by mad men of chaotic beliefs and distorted ideals. Thus, it is no wonder that our everyday lives are confronted with the paranoia of deceit. Basically, the aging society is currently manifesting its senile nature which is represented by men who wander in its fragile state. These men who make the society senile and fragile are characterized by greed and dogmatic ideologies that have resulted in human carnage, famine, and plagues of war. One wonders, what does it would take for the government to sanctify the protection of its people? Do the people desire to be protected or are they the ones who protect? These questions are profoundly manifested in the long debates of legislations specifically on counter-terrorism. Fortunately, there are still a few good men in pursuit of a better and safer place and a peaceful state. In this regard, this paper will focus on America’s public policies that addresses the trauma and torments of terrorism that shocked America in the 9/11 tragedy. In addition, the paper will also discuss how the governments of the world interact with the foreign policy on counter-terrorism and how the implementation of such a policy would affect the way of life. The overall discussion of this paper will use a two-prong approach by discussing selective literatures and apply the ethical parameters of Clark Cochran, Lawrence Mayer, T. Carr and N. Joseph Cayer in their book, ‘American Public Policy: An Introduction’. Literature Review The post 9/11 tragedy is a continuing challenge to American people that seeks justice and determination of further knowing the treacherous powers that be. It is not only America that suffers the trauma of the human carnage of the 9/11 tragedy but all of the allied governments and United Nations’ members as well. The political experts, policy makers, and various intelligence agencies perceive terrorism as a social ill and more than just a phenomenon. It is also evident that the ultimate target of terrorists is the United States, being the world’s most powerful country, and this was proven during the 9/11 attacks. Moreover, the threats of terrorism beset the US’ homeland defense and crosses international borders to implement defense strategies with allied countries that are also potential targets of terrorist attacks. In short, terrorism can truly be considered a serious global threat. According to the report of the US National Counterterrorism Center (USNCC), approximately 14,000 terrorist attacks occurred in various countries during 2006 and resulted in over 20,000 deaths. As compared to 2005, attacks in 2006 rose by 3,000 (a 25% increase) while the death toll rose by 5,800 (a 40% increase), which was also the case last year and was by far the largest number of terrorist incidents that occurred in the near East and South Asia. In addition, the USNCC (2007) disclosed that the two regions of East and South Asia were the locations of 90% of the nearly 300 high-casualty attacks in 2006 that killed ten or more people while only a total of five high-casualty attacks occurred in Europe-Eurasia, East Asia-Pacific and the Western Hemisphere (USNCC, 2007). The research paper of Rohan Gunaratna of the International Centre for Political Violence and Terrorism Research (ICPVTR) in 2006 has reported expanded terrorists’ bailiwicks across the world. Based on his report, al-Qaeda and Taliban camps in Afghanistan trained between 70,000 and 120,000 Muslim youths to fight in the Philippines (Mindanao province), Indonesia (Maluku and Poso provinces), Myanmar, China (Xinjiang province), Kashmir, Bosnia, Kosovo, Chechnya, Dagestan, Nagorno-Karabakh, Algeria, Egypt, Jordan, Yemen and other countries. It is clear that the expansive mode of the terrorists pose risk and threats to Southeast Asian countries. In addition, the carnage of terrorism would plunge the poor countries into insurmountable human casualties and ultimately result in the devastation of their economies. It may be then perceived that al-Qaeda is being condoned by its Islamic cohorts that could greatly influence the vast Muslim communities around the world. These perceptions attribute to the alarming concern of imminent danger that al-Qaeda which could continuously conduct its terrorist assaults basedon its political-Islamist-religious platform of Jihad (holy war). Stages of Policy Analysis: The Framing of a National Policy Turning our grief into courage is a credo that basically calls for national recovery amidst terrorist threats that has enabled the Americans to overcome their grief and become courageous to surpass the inimical challenge. Indeed, America turned its grief into courage as manifested in condemning the ultimate cohort of terrorism in the US war in Iraq. The Iraq war has highlighted the US’s capabilities to disarm Saddam Hussein’s weapons of mass destruction and liberate the people from the tyrannical regime and set a new Iraqi government. The US government has realigned its governmental functions to respond to its vulnerability to the continuing threat of terrorism and shared its burdens with allied governments. The framing of the national policy for an efficient homeland defense system has paved the way for the enactment of the Intelligence Reform and terrorism Prevention Act of 2004 (IRTPA ), which an act to reform the intelligence operational framework for efficient capability. According to Terri Everret’s paper, â€Å"Procuring the Future: 21st Century IC Acquisition,† in January 8th 2008, IRTPA yielded a strategic defense program through the Office of the Director of the National Intelligence (ODNI). The main purpose of the ODNI program, according to Everret, is to avert conflict and preserve peace while specifically focusing on: (1) military, (2) proliferation, (3) foreign policy, (4) economics, (5) terrorism, narcotics, international organized crimes, (6) technology, and (7) regional conflict. Furthermore, the ODNI program empowers the IRTPA to support the enactment of US Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Act (FISA) of 2007 which modernized the National economic programs for Fiscal Year 2008. The overall representation of this development supports the US Counterintelligence Strategy of 2007 basically empowers the homeland defense system. Defining of a Policy From the previous discussions of issues as presented with a brief review of literatures and statistical data, it has been cited that the need of the US government and its people is to materialize and put into national perspective the country’s security. In this aspect, the effectiveness, applicability, and efficiency to enact the US security and defense policy will be examined through the concept and ethical parameters based on the book, American Public Policy: An Introduction. i) According to the American Public Policy: An Introduction, the analysis of a policy requires the interpretation and examination of the fundamental conditions and rationale to enact a policy. Based on the book, â€Å"policy analysis is not value neutral but wants to discover the significance and importance to public values†. In short, public policy is characterized by objectivity of reasoning and intention for a public interest. Furthermore, according to Cochran, et. al, a public policy must be dealt with classifications of purposes, types, and goods. In other words, the objectivity and rationality are combined factors that exemplify the importance, adequacy, applicability, and affectivity of the public policy to the life of the people and well-being of the state. This analysis also coincides and adheres to the moral and social values. In this regard, one example is the threat on terrorism to American people which does not only address the enactment of IRTPA and other programs on State security but also embraces all forms of terrorism-related violence occurring within a domestic domain that may be inflicted by a common crime or street crime, which is commonly called community crimes. ii) The classification of the policy is mainly to deter crime and enact on crime through imposing the punishment or penalty as provided by the rules of court and the due process of law. Another example of terrorism-related violence is the magnitude or scope of implication or damage by size and by number of casualties within household or community, especially when children and women are the victims of crimes. These also include multiple murders with mutilation of the bodies, rape, burglary and arson, which are also considered as heinous crimes. It may be interpreted from the point of view of securing the state that the subsequent enactment of the Intelligence Reform and Terrorism Prevention Act of 2007, the Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Act (FISA) of 2007, and the Counterintelligence Strategy of 2007, focuses on counter-terrorism. On the other hand, the enactment of the National Strategy for Homeland Security of 2007 embodies and embraces all of the provisions from previous policy enactments, which could be interpreted as reinvented applications and coherent enforcements within the domestic system of governance and national policy environment. In short, the scope of the applicability the National Strategy for Homeland Security of 2007 addresses the framework policy. Defining the Ethical Parameters Classification and Purpose for a Safer and Peaceful State i) Classifying a public policy in a category of securing the public is being defined by the magnitude of application to preserving peace and order. Based on the book, American Public Policy: An Introduction, the enactment of a security policy would secure the interstate (domestic) and intrastate (foreign community) domains from the common crimes committed by the citizens of the state and the vulnerability of the state from external attacks being specifically characterized by terrorists. Moreover, according to the book, the underlying claim on which classification of a public policy is relevant for the serious deficiencies in the ability of federal law enforcement authorities to recognize and respond to terrorist threats which is primarily due to the fact that individuals are often labeled suspicious on the basis of ideological, rather than behavioral grounds. It is evident that the classification of a policy to protect and secure the public would likewise define where and whom the policy should cover. ii) The purpose is the deliberate intention of a policy to objectively address the circumstance or phenomenon affecting the well-being of the state in order to preserve the interest of the people. In this case, the interest of the people to live in a better, safer, and peaceful world is being threatened by terrorism. The purpose to live in a better, safer and peaceful state has deliberately and intentionally emanated from the rationale of the government to enact a policy that defines the purpose to protect, preserve, and uphold the sovereignty of people against forces of destruction. According to US President George Bush, the purpose of enacting the US Homeland defense system is aligned with the interstate and intrastate security strategies and is a shared responsibility across the entire nation that has been developed for national culture preparedness [of the local tribal state and federal governments] and crosses international borders for collaborating secured international communities. Perspectives of A Safer and Peaceful State i) Based on Cochran, et. al’s book, â€Å"enacting a public policy must be determined by the type of application and the goods it would impart to people and society†. The community represented by families must enjoy a safer and peaceful life to manifest a better living condition categorized by abundance and prosperity. From this statement, the book promotes a liberating concept of a safer and peaceful state reflective of a crime-free community and is being protected by a public policy that promulgates crime sanctions and the imposition of punishments upon committing a crime. The implementation of the US Homeland defense system, through various policies or State Acts previously discussed in this paper, point out the perspective of a safer and peaceful state, and wholly emphasize a call for national recovery in socio-economic-political aspect. This is also linked to the efforts of the state to secure the lives of the people as well as to preserve the economic resources which could make the world a safer and better place to live in. ii) Cochran’s, et. al. concept and ethical parameters applies in the overall perspectives of the US policy and State Acts for a safer place and peaceful state. In addition, perspectives in the point of view of interstate (domestic) domain protection on combating vulnerability and preempting terrorist aggression from intrastate (foreign) domain can be applied. The US Homeland defense system could be a fortress that shields the American community from terrorism, and while having that shield, the US manages to enforce its strategies in its counter-terrorism efforts across borders. Furthermore Based on Cochran et. al’s book, a policy flows from analysis which is not value neutral but wants to discover the significance and importance to public values. Therefore, the US Homeland defense system has enabled an interstate (domestic) and intrastate (foreign) policy that defines the importance of the public values, which affirms and represents the various concept and ethical parameters stated in the book, American Public Policy: An Introduction. Conclusion It is safe to say that the US government made a safer place for the American people, as manifested by its empowerment of Homeland defense and attainment of security measures. However, the militarism aspect in countering terrorism has somehow inflicted a wound on the flesh of sovereign people. In this connection, it can be perceived that it is also important to rectify the human errors committed in enforcing counter-terrorism measures that add the cost of human toll. The US security policy from its interstate and intrastate scope has its dimensional perspective in achieving a better place. In addition, the â€Å"sharing of responsibility and burdens† amongst nations could be the pursuance of a world order. The creation and execution of the security and defense policies basically represents conceptual frameworks and ethics presented in the book, American Public Policy: An Introduction. However, it is not clear how the realities of implementation could be measured based on the lives of people in international communities. Furthermore, a safer place is perceived as a continuing perseverance in enacting state policies. It is also the moral basis of the existing policies. In short, public policy that can promote a peaceful State is a policy that may genuinely harness the defense and security of people and the State itself. Works Cited Cochran, Mayer, Carr and Cayer. â€Å"American Public Policy: An Introduction†. 2006. Thompson/Wadsworth Publishing, 8th Edition. ISBN: 0-534-60163-4. Rohan Gunaratna. â€Å"Terrorism in Southeast Asia: Threat and Response†. 2006. Center for Eurasian Policy Occassional Research Paper, Series II (Islamism in Southeast Asia), No. 1. , Hudson Institute. 17 March 2008 from http://www. hudson. org/files/pdf_upload/terrorismPDF. pdf. Terri Everett. â€Å"Procuring the Future 21st Century IC Acquisition†. (2008). DNI Senior Procurement Executive, Office of the Director of National Intelligence. 17 March 2008 from http://www. fas. org/irp/dni/everett. ppt. US Department of State. â€Å"National Strategy for Homeland Security†. 2007. Retrieved 17 ` March 2008 from http://www. state. gov/journals/. US National Counterterrorism Center. â€Å"Report on Terrorist Incidents-2006†. (2007). Retrieved 17 March 2008 from http://www. wits. nctc. gov/reports/crot2006nctcannexfinal. pdf.

Article Summary: “The Bottom Line: Marketing & Firm Performance” Essay

Leslie M. Fine, author of â€Å"The Bottom Line: Marketing & Firm Performance,† analyzes how marketing relates to how well the firm does overall. A majority of the article is focused on how customer relations’ impact firm performance and can affect shareholder wealth. Firms improving customer equity and reducing the firm’s cash needs, will influence the net present value of the firm. Within recent years, there has been an increase in the awareness that firms should be able to demonstrate that marketing actions affect financial outcomes. Along with this awareness, marketers have realized that the investor is also the customer, especially at the initial IPO, and leading companies to report customer equity statements and customer equity flow statements. The article notes various studies that have been conducted analyzing the impact of customer satisfaction in relation to areas such as the â€Å"stock value gap,† performance of portfolios and the impact of marketing, research and development and operations on firm performance. The studies concluded that â€Å"doing what’s right for the customer is doing what’s right for the firm and shareholder value.† Customer satisfaction has a significant impact on the â€Å"stock value gap† when compare to the top competitor, meaning the lesser the gap the higher the customer satisfaction ratings of the firm. In relation to portfolio performance, the study indicated that portfolios with firms that had high satisfaction scores produced positive trend portfolios. Over a 10-year period those positive trend portfolios yield better than others and more impressively better than the S&P 500. Through reading this article I began to see clearly the importance and relevance of marketing to the success of the firm. As shown by the research indicated in this article, firms should begin to place an additional emphasis of the marketing function throughout the firm. I was particularly interested in the idea of having a Chief Marketing Officer in the boardroom. The idea of having a voice for the customer in the boardroom is positive in all aspects. Firms with a CMO offer additional input if the goal of the firm is to pursue innovation, differentiation and complex branding initiatives. As seen in the articles for this week, innovation and differentiate can excel a firm greatly. Having a CMO will only offer an additional benefit to the firm. Fine also included a section on the â€Å"Bond strategies effecting the firm,† which analyzed that the perceived brand relevance and brand energy provide incremental information to explain stock returns other than the information explained by accounting measures. This section focuses on how mergers and acquisitions use this analysis to determine the value of the target firm. This was interesting to me due to the focus of mergers and acquisitions being on the customer base of the target firm. Typically, my first thought in relation to mergers and acquisitions would be to consider the balance sheet and stock value of the firm as to how the particular target firm could be beneficial. After reading this article I would like to know how much these studies have sparked firms to begin doing in-house research, as well as how many have began focusing on the customer as a driving factor to the shareholder value of the company and performance of the firm.

Beyoud The Sex

Young Beautiful, it tells us a story about how a 17-year-old girl named Isabella became a prostitute, and how did she get out of it. It happened in Sociables 17, because 17 is a special age for us. When we are 1 7, we are passionate and full of novelty. We want to get out of control from our parents; we want to become mature rapidly; we expect to leave the teenage world and become an adult; we eat the forbidden fruit on a sly; we attempt to explore who we are, and what the world is.But eventually, all of us will find the answer, though some Of us may take a detour. In the movie, Isabella works as a prostitute and lives in a secret life. Once one of her client John died when he was having sex with her, and her job was exposed to the police and her parents. When she went to the psychologist, the psychologist doubts why she wanted to do the job. Indeed, every audience is curious about it. Why? Her family is not poor, and her mother gave her enough money to support her school life. She doesnt buy luxuries, and she just saved all the money she earned in the closet.Then why, why would she still do this filthy job? But Isabella replied, It was simpler, cleared. Apparently, it is simple. The old rich men with lots of money want to have sex with young beautiful girl. The purpose is undisguised and straight. It doesnt need any word, promise or flatter. And she charged the money to assess the worth of herself. It seems like she is exploring something. She is discovering her sexuality, and the relationship between male and female. She is eager to know everything about the complex world. However, why did she choose such a way? Ink it is related to her family and her childhood. Maybe it is a compensation for her natural father. So she is more curious about the sexuality and love. Her parents took apart when she was young. Though her stepfather is very kind, she still feels that she is the extra person in her family. And there is a large gap between she and her mother. She wants to have a rebellion. She needs a shortcut to be quickly independent and mature. She wants to jump out of the moral encumbrance. Maybe it results of her unsatisfactory fist time. And in the end, the talk withJohns wife seems to awake her. When the dark over, the dawn comes, all of these things seem like happening in the dream. The director left an opening ending for us, and he didnt show exactly what happened in the end. More importantly, it leads us to think above the girl, above the sexuality. Female sexual desire, self-recognizing, self identity, middle class interests, youth and growth, young and beautiful All Of them are leading us to a deeper exploration and meditation. And thats what beyond the sexuality; thats what movie brings to us.

How the Battle of Saratoga Changed the Course of the War Research Paper

How the Battle of Saratoga Changed the Course of the War - Research Paper Example How the battle of Saratoga changed the course of the war The Battle of Saratoga changed the course of the war because it was the first main fight which proved that the Americans can win the revolution. First of all, the battle ignited revolutionary spirit among the American revolutionaries who fought for freedom. The battle proved that large army and navy cannot win a battle. Instead, revolutionary spirit and cohesion among the fighters can be helpful to win a battle like the Battle of Saratoga. Before the Battle of Saratoga, the scope of Americans to win the American Revolution and the American War of Independence was under doubt. One can easily identify that the defeat of the British colonizers during the American Revolution helped the Americans to gain confidence and fight for their ultimate freedom. The American victory in the Battle of Saratoga forced France to help the revolutionaries in America. Besides, other European nations like Spain and Holland followed the decision of Fr ance. â€Å"Many generations of American historians have referred to the two battles in Saratoga as the turning point of the American Revolution because they prompted France’s entry into the war (Starbuck 1999, 20).†1 Within this context, international support accelerated the revolutionary spirit of the Americans and it ultimately led to the victory in the American War of Independence. From a different angle of view, the Battle of Saratoga spread the spirit of nationalism and democracy. â€Å"The surrender of an entire British army and the capture of a large slash of military supplies, arms, and munitions came just at the critical juncture, right after General Howe had completed the takeover of Philadelphia, to boost sagging American morale (Morton 2003, 58).†2 For instance, the victory in the Battle of Saratoga eventually led American colonies to the victory in American Revolution. Besides, it led America to the American War of Independence and it ignited the s pirit of nationalism in France. For example, victory in the Battle of Saratoga and the American Revolution deeply influenced the French Revolution. From a different angle of view, the French intervention in the British colonies in America changed the course of the American War of Independence. For instance, France opened warfronts in British colonies other than America. This movement forced the British forces to give less importance to the revolution in America. Besides, it eventually led to the American victory in the revolution. To be specific, expanded war reduced the British victory in the war. The meeting between Benjamin Franklin (American representative) and Charles Gravier (say, the foreign minister in France) can be evaluated as a turning point in France’s support and involvement in the war. Charles Gravier’s opinion influenced Louis XIV and France decided to support America. In the year 1778, France intervened in the war between the British forces and the Ame rican colonies and it changed the course of the war. The British authorities considered the American colonies as an unending source of revenue. So they exerted heavy tax on the colonies. This infuriated the people in America and they decided to revolt against this injustice. General John Burgoyne’

BSB 126 MARKETING PLAN Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

BSB 126 MARKETING PLAN - Assignment Example That is an advantage of the company. The company has an assurance that they can operate under minimum competition from any other company. The reason behind the lack of competition is that there few companies in New Zealand which works on the production of dairy products (Lewis Road Creamery, 2012). The Company may have several weaknesses since there are many dairy farmers in New Zealand. The company may have a large quantity of milk delivered by the farmers. Therefore, there is the likelihood of the company producing a lot of butter. The consumers of the butter may, therefore, be few despite the company lacking many competitors (Lewis Road Creamery, 2012). New Zealand has less number of producers of the butter. That is a significant opportunity for the company since there are few competitors. New Zealand has a large population who can be the users of the company’s product (Lewis Road Creamery, 2012). The Company mighty experience various risks. One of the possible risks the company may experience is an emergency of a new competitor in the market. The second threat the company must be ready about is the market. The market at some time may be down; the prices might fall following the lack of demand for the product. Last threat the company has is a lack of suppliers of raw milk especially during dry seasons (Lewis Road Creamery, 2012). The Company’s target customers are the citizens of all over the country and outside the country. Therefore, every citizen of New Zealand is the target consumer of butter. The company should deploy several methodologies to reach the target customers. The steps that the company must follow include; Identify the consumers of the product (butter) is first and most crucial step the company should take. The company should not believe that not everybody in New Zealand will be the consumer of the product. Mostly, the marketers think that everybody will be a customer of the product. That is not

Why do we like violence Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Why do we like violence - Essay Example ours of television programming weekly.   Although the negative health affects have been a topic of much recent discussion, the expressed purpose of this research analysis will be to draw a level of inference upon the way in which violence represented in television media affects the minds, outlook, psychology, and world-view interpretation of the adolescent viewing audience.  Ã‚  From such a review, the reader will be able to understand that even though violence within the media has increased within the past several years, it is not doing so divorced from the demand by the viewer. It does not take a great deal of analysis to understand fact that this pervasive level of violence only exists is due to the fact that consumers are actively engaging with this violence and consuming it. It is the understanding of this particular author that the reason and rationale behind this has to do with the fact that violence represents one of the most primitive and basic mechanisms through which h umans have evolved. When one begins to integrate with an understanding of basic human evolution, they come to the analysis of the fact that almost all history has been dictated with respect to power dynamics and the threat and application of violence. In such a way, the exhibition of violence with regards to media, and in a boxing, and a litany of violent video games is a manner through which humans are able to connect with a more bestial and under-evolved aspect of their own evolutionary history. This appeal and violence has is primitive; almost as primitive as the appeal of sexual desire. Accordingly, one does not need to look very far within advertising, media, or any other form of societal representation to understand that the appeals to a more basic levels of humanity are the ones that integrate the most closely with the stakeholder. Violence, as with sex, is something of a vicarious experience. Whereas it is obvious that it is illegal for an individual to venture out on the st reets and engage in an argument with someone that they find offensive – eventually coming to blows and knocking out this individual – this vicarious experience can be had via the litany of different violent video games, television programs, and other representations about that exist within society. In such a manner, the angst and frustration that individuals feel at any given time is able to be vicariously experience through such representations of violence. Even though organized society has come a long way, and individuals are arguably more involved now than at any other point in the past, this basic desire to solve any and all confrontation with violent means is an innate facet of humanity that will not likely disappear anytime in the near future. The impacts of this permeation of violence is of course a society that continues to keep violence front and center within their own minds; sustaining it to a stature that it would otherwise not received. Whereas violence is a determinant aspect of human evolution and provide something of a historical recollection point through which confrontation can be solved, it must also be understood that different societies integrate with violence and different manners. It is arguable that the globalizing influence of Western media has gone a long way in negatively impacting the extent to which violence is represented within

How Commercialization has changed the Music Industry Essay

How Commercialization has changed the Music Industry - Essay Example The objective of this essay is to critically analyze the process of commercialization of music. From the recent trends it is quite evident that the role of music with social systems has changed to a large extend. More than an artistic creation it has been commercially enhanced as a cultural commodity. The quality of music is often judged upon the extent of its consumption by masses. In other words, more popular a piece of music is, its quality is perceived to be proportionally high. Here, the reach of music, to be precise in commercial terms, its marketing strategies is the factor which would decide the perceived quality of music. For instance, a particular song is marketed heavily and manages to reach a lot of people; the public would perceive that it’s artistically great owing to its popularity. The role of music in the modern society has a fundamental nature. It is associated with the society ritualistically. Music plays important role in social activities and gatherings. T his association is further connected with the emotional affiliations of the society. Each genre of music can generate respective feelings in people. This ability was utilized by the earlier societies at a personal level or at closed social gatherings. Thus music used to connect with the personal music ears of people and also with the common feelings of communities. This power of music had an important role in the creation of music. However, with the commercialization of music it has taken a more general form. With this change, the aesthetics of music underwent unprecedented changes. The aesthetics started to depend largely on the technologies, new techniques and the latest trend in the societies. An example to this is Jazz music. This genre of music was considered to be Devil’s music at a point of time in the history. Later as other fashion statements of the society was commercialized in such a way that this genre of music became the music of the elite. Thus the larger commer cialization of the societal norms has direct connections with the trends in music. Fundamental critics would define this as degradation of the aesthetics of music. It is quite natural to have changes in the forms and aesthetics of music with changing norms of the society. However, these changes in music become dangerous, when the creation of music is defined by the commercial requirements of the society. In other words, it is not a healthy trend where the commercial elements would decide what the world should listen to. On the other side the music and its developments should respond to the changes in the society and its norms. The development the culture industry in the liberalized economy has a huge role in the commercialization of music. In a world where trade and export became faster and easier, people get exposed to newer things faster. This created a demand for cultural elements from different societies. As a result of this music of a particular society became global and broke its societal and geographic limitations. Thus the consumer base for music became large. For instance, for a particular genre of music from the streets of Pakistan, there could be large number of enthusiasts all around the world. Thus music in general has broken the cultural boundaries. The new definition of boundaries of culture in general is the marketability of it.

Does the use of prophylactic antibiotics ensure the prevention of Research Paper

Does the use of prophylactic antibiotics ensure the prevention of surgical site infections - Research Paper Example Several strategies have been suggested to improve antibiotic prophylaxis (AP), including: providing education or individualized feedback to clinicians; establishing multidisciplinary protocols to ameliorate team-level communication; implementing institutional antibiotic prophylaxis programs involving integrated systems to reduce, curtail or control the administration of antibiotics (Gagliardi, Fenech, Eskicioglu, Nathens & McLeod, 2009). With the goal of optimizing antibiotic prophylaxis of surgical-site infections a multidisciplinary approach has been recently revised by Olin (Olin, 2006). The author presents the main points in prescribing, dispensing, and administration practices to achieve 100% compliance with antibiotic prophylaxis, and he cites in particular: initiating prophylactic antimicrobials within one hour of surgical incision, by choosing them according to guidelines, and discontinuing antimicrobial prophylaxis within 24 hours after surgery (Olin, 2006). A crucial issue in antibiotic-based peri-operative prophylaxis is the timing of antibiotic delivery. Although there is a general agreement on recommending antibiotic treatment within one to two hours of incision for patients undergoing surgery, contrasting results demand further research. Several clinical studies continue to be published yearly, aiming at optimizing the timing of antibiotic treatments (Gupta, Hote, Choudhury, Kapil & Bisoi, 2010). The purpose of my assay is to evaluate a recently published evidence-based nursing research aimed to assess the effects of the SURPASS checklist on implementation on antibiotic prophylaxis (de Vries, Dijkstra, Smorenburg, Meijer & Boermeester, 2010). SURPASS is the acronym for SURgical Patient Safety System, a checklist previously developed by the same authors of the study hereby analyzed, which was aimed to increase standardization surgical procedures and patient safety (de Vries, Hollmann, Smorenburg, Gouma & Boermeester, 2009). Research study synopsis and analysis De Vries et al. (2010) performed a retrospective analysis on two cohorts of patients who underwent surgery before and after implementation of the SURPASS checklist, with the specific aim to determine whether the introduction of the implemented SURPASS checklist affected the timing of antibiotic prophylaxis. Importantly, the retrospectively collected data (including those extracted from the electronic patient data management system) were validated by observations, in which actual times of antibiotic administration and incision were recorded. This approach validated the use of electronic records of hospitalized patient management. A total of 772 surgical procedures were included in the study, divided in two cohorts treated with pre- and post-implementation (PI) checklist, respectively. Patient characteristics were listed in Table 1 of the paper. The latter and the use of a PI checklist were independent variables. Dependent variables were the intervals between antibiotics administration and incision (Figure 2 of the paper), expressed as a function of checklist implementation, i.e. in surgery performed before or after checklist implementation. Since in the PI cohort the checklist was actually used in

Argument essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Argument - Essay Example She also wrote the poem â€Å"I’m Nobody! Who Are You?†, a simple and straightforward poem. The aim of this paper is to analyze the poetic style used in this poem in the lights of broad and diverse academic resources. Furthermore, it would concentrate on analyzing the meaning of the poem. Overview â€Å"I’m Nobody! Who are You?† has been written by Emily Dickinson. It is short, simple and straightforward but has a deep meaning. The selection of the word â€Å"Nobody† in the title demonstrate that Dickinson was a nobody and she preferred to be that. It signifies that she loved to spent time in isolation and doing her house chores. It also demonstrates that she loved her gardens and she enjoyed reading as well as writing. The poem itself is considered to represent her isolated and secluded life. â€Å""I'm Nobody! Who are you?" is a direct reflection of Dickinson's ideals on life† (Habegger, 2001). â€Å"Are you—Nobody—too?† demonstrates the fact that Dickinson wanted to have another person, who would be just like her, that is, a nobody, with whom she can spent the rest of her life with. Majority of the poets and literary critics â€Å"have connected to Dickinson as being the "love" she spoke of in her poems are people to whom she corresponded with by letters, men and women alike† (Habegger, 2001).

Garbage in china Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Garbage in china - Essay Example ident starting from Hong Kong to other places such as Bolou and Tonghzou are against the idea of government coming up with incineration facilities to manage this garbage. Protests are order of the day whenever the governments set up to build such a facility. In this regard, this research paper seeks to find an answer to the question what is the most appropriate way of managing the thousands of tonnes of garbage produced in China each day? The research argues out that incineration is the best alternative to manage garbage in China as it not only reduces the waste in landfills, but also offers opportunities for the generation of additional electric power to be fed in the countries power grid system. Handling waste, which is a result of a rapidly growing middle class and per annum double-digit economic expansion over the last decade, stands out as one of the most prominent challenges China’s urban planners contend with. While most of the garbage, which range from food waste to construction rubble and plastic packaging, is dumped in landfills, policy makers are gradually embracing incineration as volumes step-up, in spite of spirited protests from some residents and environmentalists. In a You Tube video posted by D (English)Beijing’s urban enlargement has resulted to the trash problem getting even closer to homes. Landfill fields that once occupied the city’s outskirts where a majority of the city’s migrant workers resided now sit in the center of the urban conurbation that has developed around them. According to Shapiro, while China generates rubbish to a lesser extent on per capita basis relative to other economies such as the United States, its cum ulative generation, at approximately 300 million tones every year, according to academic studies, is the largest in the globe, and still on an upward trend. Beijing’s population produces 23,000 tonnes of garbage each day, an equivalent of nine fully filled standard-sized swimming pools for Olympic Games.

How to minimise the chance of project failing Essay Example for Free

How to minimise the chance of project failing Essay Introduction Here I am going to explain using examples many different kinds of ways that can be prevented from projects failing. In order for a project manager to detect something wrong happening in a project, they have to always double check it and also see if it works just the way the client wants it to work. Project managers always need some kinds of backup, if a project all of a sudden goes horribly wrong, they need some kinds of backup which can include extra members of staff or maybe working long hours to achieve their goal. Lack of staff expertise. When hiring new members of staff, a project manager has to always be careful when checking whether they have the right qualifications or not, by giving a new member a small test to see if they are worthy of using different kinds of tools can help to decide whether to hire them or not. Going over the budget If the project goes over the budget and more money is being wasted on different kinds of things such as tools etc, then the project manager will have to work harder over the time that they are paid; they may be then awarded a bonus if the project succeeds. To minimise this there are softwares that can be used such as Microsoft Office Project to keep track on the budget so that it can be easier to avoid going over the budget. Insufficient details from client or Poor or No Requirements If there is simply not enough details from the client, then as a result the project would most likely be unsatisfactory for the client, in order to avoid this it would be very important if the mangers warns the client if any further requirements are needed, otherwise the client will be warned that no changes will be carried out during the process of the project. Not enough proper time to research and plan Before starting any project, planning is extremely important to be taken out so that simply managers will know and have an idea of what to do. If no planning has been taken out then if would be essential to ask the client for a later deadline, if the client refuses then they will need to be warned that errors may occur and the project may arrive late anyway. Using the wrong kind of tools In order to stop confusion from ordering the wrong kind of tools, managers will have to explain clearly to members of staff what exactly is needed, the tools will then have to be researched and studied in order to find out if it has the requirements to create the project they are working on. They can over-run (passed the deadline) In order to minimise project from passing their deadline, manager will need to carry out plans before the project even starts. Managers will also need to hire extra members of staff if there is enough money in order to complete the project early. Members of staff could also learn how to fully use the potential of product such as software to help the project by being less time-consuming. Poor communication Project mangers will always have to make sure that member of staff are properly communicating with each other, there are many methods that can be used for communication, and these can include email, word of mouth, and mobile phone and maybe even by post. Members of staff will need to speak to each other once in a while in order to understand and learn what is going on in the project in order to prevent any errors from occurring. Lack of User Involvement Staff should be informed that if they are not truly involved with the project then they will automatically be given a warning or maybe even fired from their job because they are simply not working up to the standard as they should be working. What is also very important is the managers should be doing walk around which involves checking whether members of staff are working properly and doing things correctly and is truly involved in the project. Changes in the requirements As you know clients may all of a sudden change the details in the requirements of the product. In any of these cases a project manager has to decline those extra details because it can lead to missing out deadlines which can result in a loss of money and also time. A manager will have to warn their client that there cannot be any changes during the operation of the project, clients should also be advised to carefully give the requirements specification for their product that they are expecting to come out of a project. Long or Unrealistic Time periods A manager will also have to make sure and to double check to see if the time given to the project is realistic and achievable, otherwise the project will be known to fail and could have an impact on the organisation because they may need it desperately. Projects should normally take months to create or even years, if a big project was given and the deadline was only for a short time period, managers have to then immediately decline the project or warn the client that they will need more time. Scope Creep In order to minimise this, project managers will have to check and double check the project to see if it is working fully and if there isnt any problems that may be growing or might happen. For example if an error is found during the production of a product and not treated, could result in the product not working completely and permanently and therefore the project may need to be restarted, so to prevent this if an error is found that the mangers should straight away stop the product or pause it and treat the error as soon as possible. Poor Testing Normally testing is not done properly simply because either the client or manager is probably does not have the time to do it, another reason as to why testing may not be carried out because project managers may be too confident and therefore assume that everything will go well. Testing may also be poorly done because there of Insufficient details from the client or Poor or No Requirements, in order to avoid or minimise or prevent this, project managers should train users that do not know the purpose of the system, always give plenty of time to plan and ask the client for better requirements. Bad decisions being made Every single little decision that is made by the manager has to be carefully planned out and thought out, a manager will also have to consider the consequences and also plan for back-ups just in case the idea or plan back-fires.