Dubai: Globalization on Steroids Essay

Promotions for Dubai on CNN, BBC World, and other satellite channels show a shimmering skyline of glass and steel office towers with their graceful curves and aquiline shapes, suggesting a distant galaxy where all the unpleasantness of urban life has been airbrushed away. But advertising almost always offers more promise than reality, whether the product is potato chips or a city or a country. Seen through the lens of the everyday, nothing in this city is so clear. It’s hard to come to terms with Dubai, be ­cause there is confusion even in the way it is described by the media. It is often referred to as a Persian Gulf country (which it definitely isn’t), or a city-state (wrong again), or a Gulf emirate (also not accurate, because Dubai, the city, is only part of Dubai, the emirate, which is an integral part of the United Arab Emirates). But one thing is clear: during the three years I’ve lived here, it has undergone the kind of transformation that a city might experience once in a lifetime. Each time I leave my apartment block, I drive past shells of unfinished buildings with piles of sand and rubble spilling onto the sidewalks, and I’m struck by another irony of Dubai— that the more the city aspires to be the premier megalopolis of the 21st century, the more it resembles 1945 Dresden. The pace of growth has left many residents wondering what the hurry is. Yet everyone seems to be in a rush. On Sheikh Zayed Road, the 12 lanes linking Dubai with Abu Dhabi, the UAE capital 100 miles to the south, drivers barrel down the fast lanes at 90 miles an hour. Late on a Friday night, drivers weave in and out of the speeding traffic, which results in an appalling accident rate that leaves crushed fenders and tangles of gnarled metal piled along the roadsides. Has any place on earth grown as quickly or been transformed so completely? Aerial photos from the early 1960s show a dusty, ramshackle trading post tucked be-tween the Persian Gulf and the Creek, Dubai’s inland waterway and outlet to the sea. Ten years later it was beginning to take on the look of a prosperous city; a decade after that it had changed so much as to be almost unrecognizable. The one-runway airstrip had been replaced by an international airport, a forest of office towers had grown up along the Creek, and residential tracts had spread across barren expanses of desert that stretched to the horizon. Dubai today is often described as a Wild West town, and the widespread economic opportunism lends some truth to the description. Driving the expansion is neither natural resources nor old-world industrialization but rather the gears of a 21st-century economy—banking, technology, trade and tourism, real estate, and media outlets. The tycoons cutting business deals in hotel restaurants and on beach-club patios are representatives of this new global economy—Taiwanese bankers and Lebanese import/exporters, Russian oligarchs and Iranian property investors. But even Dubai is not immune from the vicissitudes of global economics—the September worldwide financial crisis drained almost $6 billion from its financial markets. In spite of its rapid growth and the influence of globalization on Dubai, a bit of the old city can still be found. Walk through the covered market on the Deira side of the Creek, past spice vendors displaying their wares in 100-pound sacks; then go up winding, narrow lanes past the gold, silver, and textile dealers from Pakistan and Iran and the Indian merchants who speak fluent Arabic, their roots in Dubai reaching back generations. From there it is only a short walk up to the Al-Hamadiya School, now a museum, the first place to offer formal education in Dubai. Exhaust-spewing water taxis still shuttle commuters across the Creek between the twisting streets of Deira and the traditional Bastakia quarter, home to the pre-oil ruler’s palace, a covered market, and the site of a former fort. On the Deira side, ships unload pallets of cargo, just as they have ever since Dubai served as a convenient transit point for much of the trade that passed between India and Africa and the rest of the Arabian peninsula. In the neighbourhoods of Jumeirah and Umm Suqeim, quiet side streets lined with white houses topped with red tile roofs glisten in the afternoon sun, suggesting the placid tranquillity of southern California when southern California was tranquil and placid. Early in the morning, Indonesian housemaids sweep driveways with dried palm branches, and South Asian labourers still use these primitive implements to clear the paths in the local parks. It is hard to reconcile such images with those more popularly associated with Dubai. There is the Royal Mirage Hotel, whose silent, soaring hallways and courtyards have been designed in palatial Arabian splendour. Not far away is the Madinat Jumeirah, another hotel complex and an adjoining shopping arcade, where the tinkling music of the oud is pumped into the elevators and down the narrow, serpentine corridors in an effort to re-create the sensual mysticism of the Arabian covered market. But here, too, like almost everywhere in Dubai, the traditional clashes with the modern, and the uneasy blend is meant to serve consumerism: at the Madinat Jumeirah, res-taurants and cafà ©s surround artificial lakes, gift boutiques cater to upscale travellers, and live music echoes from the JamBase, one of Dubai’s hot spots. All of the glitz has made Dubai trendy among the globetrotting business set and holidaymakers interested in a taste of the Middle East—as long as it is tempered with a hefty dose of Club Med— but the changing character of the city is not e ndorsed by everyone. Among so-called locals, or Emirati nationals, there is increasing fear that their culture will eventually succumb to Westernization and foreign influence. Such apprehension is justified, for the demographics are not on their side. Emiratis now account for only 20 percent of the population (an official estimate, probably inflated); within 20 years, as more foreigners pour in from South Asia, the Far East, Russia, and Africa, the percentage is likely to fall to the sin-gle digits. But it is hard for locals to grumble too loudly when they have also been seduced by the global consumer ethos. After midday pray-ers on a blazing Friday afternoon, they head for the blissfully cool shopping malls, as do Indian and Filipino families and British expatriates, to scoop up the latest in mobile phones and other electronic gadgets. Women display designer handbags over their flowing black abayas but wear blue jeans under them, and many young men complement their crinkly clean kandouras with a baseball cap instead of the traditional white headdress. Out in the parking lot, families cram the backs of their Range Rovers and Ford Explorers with plastic shopping bags and a month’s groceries. The good life has created a sedentary life, and with it a sharp rise in obesity and diabetes. As though suddenly seeing the need to change direction, Dubai has begun making desperate attempts to preserve its past. In April 2007 the Dubai Municipality issued a ruling ordering the preservation of more than 2,000 buildings it considered â€Å"having historical significance in the United Arab Emirates.† But the breakneck development all over the city makes this a fool’s errand. Glossy advertisements for unbuilt real estate tracts cover the arrivals hall at the airport, fill billboards beside the highway entrance ramps, and push the news off the front pages of the local news-papers. The inside pages promise more: one full-page ad shows a Venetian gondolier, against a backdrop of faux Mediterranean chic, paddling along an artificial canal, past cafà © tables with Western and Asian patrons relaxing beneath palm trees. The most widely advertised development is now the Lagoons, a name that, like the Greens, Springs, Lakes, and Meadows, belies the arid land it occupies. Indeed, image more than oil (little of which ever existed in Dubai anyway) is now the city’s most valuable export. But what reality might that image exploit? The city was never one of the great centres of Islamic learning or Arab culture, like Cairo or Damascus. It has always been a centre for trade, a way station for commerce. Even today it boasts no impressive mosques; shopping malls are the grandest edifices, and the best-known universities are imported satellite campuses from the United States, England, and Australia. So with no great cultural legacy to celebrate, Dubai has embraced the culture of celebrity. Last February, Tiger Woods was once again victorious in the Dubai Desert Classic, and Roger Federer tried (unsuccessfully) to defend his title in the Dubai Tennis Championships. A year ago George Clooney promoted his movie Michael Clayton at the Dubai International Film Festival, and Brad Pitt and Angelina Jolie have been spotted frolicking with their children on the b each of the Burj Al Arab, the sail-shaped hotel that is the city’s current signature landmark. Dubai is often described as an Arabian Disneyland, and the characterization is not wide of the mark. Tourists, residents, and celebrities (including Michael Jackson and Rafael Nadal) have slid down the foaming cascades at the Wild Wadi water park. Across Sheikh Zayed Road, the enclosure for the indoor ski slope at the Mall of the Emirates angles into the sky like a giant airplane hangar tipped on end, glowing with a streak of lurid colour at nightfall. To accommodate the 15 million tourists a year that the city is planning to host by 2010, another resort complex of 30 hotels and 100 cinemas was sketched out on the city planner’s boards, but as a sign that even Dubai’s aspirations have been tempered, the project has been put on hold. Not, however, the Mall of Arabia, which promises to surpass the West Edmonton Mall as the world’s largest shopping and entertainment complex. The most impressive feature of Dubai isn’t the George Jetson architecture, or even the Burj Dubai, destined to be the tallest building in the world when completed, but the fact that people who would normally be at each other’s throats in their home countries—Indians and Pakistanis, Sunni and Shiite Muslims, Serbs and Bosnians, Ethiopians and Eritreans—manage to live and work together in remarkable harmony. This is also part of the legacy of Dubai, that for generations it has served as a crossroads of cultures and a transit point for people as well as goods, and so it evolved into a tolerant neutral space where the petty feuds of other parts of the world have no place. The downside of this polyglot society is a paucity of the shared concerns that can form a social consciousness and hold a society together. â€Å"I don’t want Hezbollah running my country,† the Lebanese receptionist at a medical clinic says when I ask her thoughts on the fallout of the Israel-Lebanon war. That issue is a nonstarter for the Asian staff who share her office. â€Å"She was a beautiful, beautiful woman!† the Pakistani security guard outside my apartment building croons, two days after the assassination of Benazir Bhutto, who spent part of her political exile in Dubai. Being so far from the cafà © tables of Lahore or Karachi, it is probably the first chance he’s had to pour out praise for the populist leader. Dubai is just a short airplane hop from the crises in Sudan, Iraq, and Palestine, but in an odd irony, this global city remains blissfully alienated from the pressing global issues that surround it. Car bombings in Baghdad and street battles in Gaza seem to exist in some parallel universe far from Dubai’s beach clubs and poolside barbecues. If talk radio is a barometer of popular sentiment, Dubai lacks social angst, or even concern about the world’s troubles. On Property Week, callers swap tips on the latest real estate investments. On another show, listeners offer advice on ways to kill time in traffic and compare the brunch buffets and weekend getaway packages offered by five-star hotel chains. One program is devoted to nuanced analysis of rugby, soccer, and cricket matches for United Kingdom and subcontinent expatriates. When the local English daily celebrated its 35th anniversary, readers praised the paper for its coverage of business, sports, and entertainment, but there was no han-k-ering for more articles on inter-national current events, some fright-ening-ly close to home. Life in Dubai is not all whimsical indulgence, however, for vice has arrived as an inseparable part of the global village. Dubai’s crime rate, still modest by Western standards, has risen to a level that would have been unknown a generation ago. Street crimes are still rare but drug seizures are not, and black markets in consumer goods have sprung up. (In a caper that Butch Cassidy would have envied, a gang of thieves drove two stolen cars through an entrance of the upscale Wafi City Mall, smashed a jewellery store display window, and made off with the goods.) Where economic adventurism thrives, so does the world’s oldest profession. Prostitutes from China, the Philippines, Russia, Eastern Europe, and the former Soviet republics hover near hotel entrances, hoping to snag returning guests. To its credit, Dubai can be called a true microcosm, but it’s hard to believe that a coherent society can be composed of guest workers who have migrated solely for lucrative jobs and have no longterm stake in the city’s future. Beneath the veneer of harmony is the disturbing sense that everyone knows his or her place. Class asserts itself in an unsavoury caste system where national and ethnic identity determines whether one is offered employment or a lease for an apartment. The city’s reputation as a haven of safety and security in a troublesome part of the world is upheld by affirming an â€Å"old world order† left by the colonial power Dubai would like to believe it has moved beyond. Social equality is a noble ideal promoted by the government but flouted in practice, proving once again that the democratic society is still a modern notion, at war with the more widespread tendency of human beings to create a hierarchy. A landlord may refuse to rent apartments to â€Å"bachelors,† the code word for men from the Asian subcontinent working in Dubai who may be supporting wives and children back home. The term would never apply to an unmarried German electrical engineer or a Canadian English teacher. â€Å"Eight years,† a taxi driver replies when I ask how long he has been plying the roads of Dubai, and I know this means 12 hours a day, six days a week. On Friday afternoons he probably goes to the closest Western Union office, like hundreds of others, to wire money back to his family in Mumbai or Peshawar. Class asserts itself also in the division between servers and the served. I still feel a little awkward when supermarket clerks address me formally and the deliveryman from Pizza Hut (â€Å"Ahmad,† according to his name tag) is overly grateful for a modest tip. But I remind myself that since Dubai is not a democracy and few of its residents come from democratic countries, there is no way its society could resemble one. If someone had to pinpoint one spot on earth that epitomizes the most unsavoury aspects of globalization, Dubai could be Exhibit A. It is a place where the whims of a consumerist society overwhelm a simple native Bedouin culture, the predilections of the affluent obliterate local climate and ecology, and the divide between rich and poor is unapologetically laid bare. Discussion points Read the above account of Dubai and discuss the following questions in groups: 1. To what extent can the Dubai story be regarded as the epitome of Globalisation? Explain your answer. 2. In what ways can Dubai be regarded as vulnerable? 3. What negative aspects of the Dubai story can you identify? 4. How might these negative aspects be mitigated?

Genetically Modified Foods, Pros and Cons persuasive essay Essay

â€Å"When you light a candle, you also cast a shadow. † – Ursula K. Le Guin. No matter what good some people believe they are doing, everything seems to come with a consequence, and the question is whether or not the good overpowers the bad. Many experts argue that Genetically Modified foods are actually beneficial to, not only people, but animals, plants, and the world overall. Some experts even state that, not only are they beneficial, but that they also protect the environment and aid food productivity. Most farmers actually recommend GMO’s because they are easier to grow, maintain, and tend to be more profitable; however, countless other experts have come to realize that GMO foods are untested, unsafe, and unhealthy. Studies indicate that these â€Å"acclaimed† GMO foods will not, feed the world, end hunger, increase the profit of farmers, or reduce the cost of farming. GMO’s even have long term effects that haven’t been adequately tested, and the effects could be catastrophic if they are not handled with caution. Although some experts claim, â€Å"GM foods reduce effectiveness of pesticides. † However, that is the point. GM foods are created in order to decrease the amount of pesticides. It is a healthier and safer option than the use of chemicals going into your body. For example, members of the Northern Canola Growers Association express, â€Å"GM foods such as BT corn can help eliminate the application of chemical pesticides. † Because pesticides are harmful to humans, GM foods are the better solution; they decrease the danger. This quote shows that GM foods are already being produced in foods such as corn, and nothing has gone wrong yet. They are actually healthier because pesticides aren’t used. In a 2000 Washington Post editorial, Hassan Adamu, Nigeria’s minister of Agriculture, explains to readers that, â€Å"in Africa, GM foods could almost literally weed out poverty. † And, â€Å"many African countries face poor growing conditions that thwart any attempts to grow traditional crops. † Since the world population is growing rapidly everywhere each day, eventually there will not be enough land to feed everyone. GM foods wound not only create more food for people all over the world, but would also create more jobs across the world. GM foods would increase food production and decrease world hunger and unemployment. Contrary to popular belief, most farmers actually recommend the use of genetically modified foods, because they are easier to grow, and are more profitable. An example of how they are easier to grow is that genetically modifying plants can make them more resilient and tolerant to harsh conditions. According to UC Southern California Professor of Biology Terrel Edwards, â€Å"a gene from the grey manganese has been genetically implanted into tobacco in order to make it tolerant to salt and many other ionic stresses. † These recent developments in biotechnology make it possible for plants to grow in places that have harsh conditions such as deserts. This is good for farmers around the world, because they can utilize land that was once useless, and baron land is extremely cheap, so farmers could make more profit. Furthermore, GMO crops have been in use since the early nineties in the United States, and have changed the way farming has been done forever. According to Hembree Brandon, an advisor to the National Research Institute, â€Å"In 2009, GE crops have accounted for more than 80 percent of all soybean, corn, and cotton acres. † Clearly, modified foods have already been in our society for over eighteen years. Also, GE crops are more profitable, because a farmer yields more crops per acre than ever before, like in corn. Farmers are now getting six times more corn out of a crop, making the need for gargantuan farms go down. This downsizing makes room for more homes and different crops. In addition, GE crops are easier to grow. For some crops, it’s not cost efficient to remove weeds by physical means, such as tilling, so famers will often spray large quantities of different herbicides to destroy weeds, a time consuming and expensive process that requires care so that the herbicides don’t harm the plants or environment. A farmer grows these soybeans which then only require one application of weed killer instead of multiple applications, reducing production cost and limiting the dangers of agricultural waste. In initiation, Agribusinesses, who promote their GMO foods, have asserted fallacies about their GMO’s, stating that they will save the world from hunger by generating more food, create more productive crops, and reduce the cost of farming; those of which have all been invalidated by experts. For example, Andrew Kimbrell , the executive director of the International Centre for Technology Assessment, argues that food production is not the problem , and in fact â€Å"The world produces more than enough food to feed its current population†, that the problem is in distribution. The world actually produces so much food that â€Å"enough is available to provide 4. 3 pounds of food to every person, every day† (Kimbrell 1998). Agribusinesses lie to the people claiming that their GMO’s are saving people, and ending hunger in the world to try and convince you to buy their product, when in effect food production is not the problem. Secondarily, GMO’s are said to be more productive, and create greater yields; however Stated by Kimbrell, â€Å"there are currently two principal types of biotech seeds in production: Herbicide Resistant, and ‘Pest’ resistant seeds. And in â€Å"A Two year study by the University of Nebraska† revealed that the GMO â€Å"Soya beans actually resulted in lower productivity that achieves with conventional Soya beans† (Kimbrell 2003). The claims that GMO’s will produce more yields are false and will hurt farmers everywhere. The GMO manufacturers have brought nothing good to the table, and are only deceiving people with fallacies in order to make money. As a final point, GMO’s are supposed to reduce the cost of farming and create cheaper products; all the same, GMO’s have failed to do that as well. GMO companies have created what is called â€Å"Terminator Technology†. â€Å"TT† is when the companies genetically engineer plants to â€Å"Produce a sterile seed after a single growing season† (Kimbrell 2003) ensuring that farmers cannot save their seed, having to buy their seed every year. With â€Å"More than half of the world’s farmers relying on saved seeds for their harvest† this technology can have a cataclysmic impact on food production, the cost of food, and could spark mass starvation. GMO’s have yet to bring a single product to the table that actually benefits consumers, or farmers. These products are only full of risks, more costs, and dangerous effects on the market; therefore they aren’t the solution, only a major part of the problem. Genetically modified foods have long term effects that have not been adequately tested, and in order to assure the consumer that what they’re purchasing is safe, extensive testing is mandatory, otherwise, there could possibly be catastrophic effects in the future no one suspected to occur. For example, Dr. Keith Kantor, who was appointed CEO of Service Foods, Inc. in 1994, all the while working with food sciences for 27 years, expresses that GMO’s have antibiotic features included within them, making them â€Å"resistant to certain diseases and viruses†. At first glance, this fact appears to be a plus side of GMO foods, but Kantor explains how, when humans consume GMO’s, our very own genetic structure changes and the â€Å"antibiotic features persist in our bodies and make actual antibiotic medications less effective†. In addition, Kantor’s own studies with his patients involved with nutrition were observed to have an improved state of being, both in weight and health, when they discontinued the use of all GMO products; therefore, Dr. Kantor does â€Å"not recommend using any GMO foods until more testing is done†. Next, Jeffery M. Smith, world’s bestseller on the topic of GMO foods – â€Å"Seeds of Deception: Exposing Industry and Government Lies about the Safety of the Genetically Engineered Foods You’re Eating† and â€Å"Genetic Roulette: The Documented Health Risks of Genetically Engineered Foods† –, has many expert opinions and horrifying facts about these products. Smith reviews the few tests that have been done on rats and mice and produces shocking evidence of genetically modified food dangers; some of the mice and rats who were fed strictly GMO foods ended up developing tumors, widespread organ damage, premature death (50% males, 70% female), most of their babies dying in the womb, the babies that were born were smaller in size and quantity and grew up to have problems becoming pregnant, and some embryos had significant changes in their DNA. Male rats and mice became infertile or had altered sperm during these tests as well. All these signs not only appear in test rats and mice, but in our world’s livestock, such as in the US, where various farmers reported that â€Å"thousands of pigs became sterile after consuming GM corn varieties†. Some of the pigs had â€Å"false pregnancies† while â€Å"others gave birth to bags of water†. Not only have there been effects on animals, but on humans as well; Smith’s research shows that, in the Pacific Northwest, about â€Å"five-hundred people reported allergy or flu-like symptoms†, and some of those same people â€Å"had to go to the emergency room† because the effects were so severe. These same symptoms were repeatedly reported in India in 2008 by farm workers who worked around GMO cotton containing Bt, or a self-produced herbicide built inside the engineered foods. Yes, herbicides are used in organically grown crops, but the built-in herbicides contained in GMO crops are â€Å"thousands of times more concentrated than natural Bt spray†, so it’s basically food covered in poison, and since it is built-in, one cannot wash it off the plants. Not only does this affect humans, but ecosystems; ecosystems are in danger from the pollen coming from these plants since they could perish from all the toxins built inside them to kill weeds, and when the plants start to die out, so do the herbivores who eat them. Moreover, even if the purpose of the built-in herbicides are to kill the weeds, there would be cross-pollination that would create a â€Å"superweed†, continuing to compromise ecosystems as it would overtake other plants and become immune to current made weed-killers. Every story has two points of view; however, it’s up to the individual to decide for oneself what the truth is. Many experts argue that GMO foods are actually beneficial not only to people, but animals and plants as well. Some experts even go as far as to say that not only is it beneficial, but also protects the environment and aids food productivity. With any positive side, there are adverse effects, however. GMO foods have long term fallouts which are somewhat unknown due to lack of testing from agribusinesses, but the ones made clear consist of animal deaths and cancer. GMO foods are becoming part of our society whether we like it or not. Many truths have been stated in this argument, but one has to decide for his or herself what they believe. GMO’s will be on shelves, labeled and unlabeled, whether they are an iniquity to life as we know it, or the cure and wonderful elucidation to all our problems.

Current Network Characteristics and Components Essay

In reviewing the Kudler Intranet site it can be determined that all three Kudler offices are connected via a dedicated T3 line, set up as a bus topology. Each location is built around a 100base T, fast Ethernet environment. La Jolla serves as the home office location and the location for the main company server. The main server is an IBM blade server system C3000 with a UNIX operating system. As the main company server it runs all the corporate procurement and logistic software (SAP, ERP) and is responsible for all the print/file services, network services, company e-mail, storage control, and the internal and external web. Server backup is provided by a 10GB network-attached storage system. The retail stores are connected to the network via a point of sale server and point of sale terminals. Communications in and out of La Jolla is ported through two Cisco routers with firewalls. The La Jolla location currently has 19 VoIP phones and 19 employees. As previously stated, both the Del Mar and Encinitas locations are built around a 100base T network. Both locations have a local server which is also an IBM blade server system C3000 with a UNIX operating system. Both servers run the same services at the main company server with the exception of the corporate procurement and logistic software. Retail locations also run the same point of sales terminals. Each location currently has six employees and six VoIP phones. There are a total on 30 computers connected to the company network. Current Network Topology Each location is built on a bus topology. Each location employs 100 base T Ethernet with all stations connected via twisted pair cable. All the nodes (computers, servers, printers) are connected to the bus cable with interface connectors. Several problems come to mind with this type of network topology. Dependency on central cable in this topology has its disadvantages. If the main cable (bus) encounters some problem, whole network breaks down. A limited number of stations can be added to the network, these severely impacts future capacity growth. Performance degrades as additional computers are added or on heavy traffic periods. Data speeds can be severely impacted by an increase is users or if users are accessing the network at the same time. Also of concern with this type of topology is the possibility of higher maintenance costs and troubleshooting difficulty. Security is very low on this type of network architecture. Standards Several standards will be applicable to a project of this scope; these standards will depend upon the level of the OSI model that is being addressed. Frame relay will be used at the WAN level. IEEE 802.11 wireless LAN standards will be applicable with Wi-Fi certified devices. Voice over IP (VoIP) uses IP protocols and the International Telecommunication Unions ITU-T standard (H.323). References Reference Anonymous (2007) Kudler Fine Foods. Retrieved February 6, 2013, from https://ecampus.phoenix.edu/secure/aapd/CIST/VOP/Business/Kudler2/internet/index.asp Reference Anonymous (2007) Kudler Fine Foods Intranet. Retrieved February 9, 2013, from https://ecampus.phoenix.edu/secure/aapd/CIST/VOP/Business/Kudler2/intranet/index.asp

Feasibility & Marketing for small business Research Paper

Feasibility & Marketing for small business - Research Paper Example The location on Adelaide Street is ideal since there are few salons in the surrounding area. The street connects to other major streets in London, which makes the transportation of inventory and other commodities easy. The business site on Adelaide Street is a visible place just off the road with shopping malls on its opposite side. The malls increase traffic on the street, providing a better opportunity to reach out to more potential customers. The site for the business is 200 square feet, which is ideal for the various services that the business will offer. An additional 50 square feet is available as office space, enough to accommodate the managerial staff and business records. There is ample parking space of 280 square feet at the basement of the building. Considering the business viability of the area, this is a prime site. The business will incur site expenses at the rate of $9.50 per square foot (For Lease: Office / Medical / Clinic, 2014). For the total of 250 square feet, the business expects to spend a total of ($9.50) (250 square feet) = $2375. This cost is inclusive of building insurance and maintenance costs. The average annual expenditure on hairdressing and related personal care is $829 per household (Affairs, 2011). This expenditure forms 1.4% of the total expenditure of the potential customers (Affairs, 2011). These figures indicate a good market potential for salon services, which indicates that the salon business is an attractive opportunity in this area. The major direct competitors are Skin Care Nails and Spa, and Sheer Elegance Saloon and Spa. Skin Care Nails and Spa is a threat because of celebrity status and adequate resources at its disposal. Sheer Elegance Saloon and Spa has a wide variety of services and offers them at lower prices. The indirect competitors include Studio 83, which is 0.6 miles away, and First Choice Hair

Kant's Categorical Imperative Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 1

Kant's Categorical Imperative - Essay Example He also suggests that a person’s action as a result of his goodwill is a moral action. Kant’s moral theory emphasizes more on the duty rather than the consequences of an action. This property makes scholars to term Kantian ethics as deontological (Kant, p.56). Deontological ethics claim that some actions are intrinsically wrong while others are intrinsically right. According to Kant, this concept is an order that requires the obedience of the subordinates to it as if it is a moral duty. The subordinate’s obedience to the duty is a requirement that does not regard individual desires. This enables the creation of an unconditional society with the basis of reason and free will. The function of categorical imperatives is to act as a test for the principles of our actions and check whether they are moral or not. The principle behind these categorical imperatives is the principle of fair play (Kant, p.84). The idea of fair play means that a person cannot make an exception for himself for his own personal gains. According to Kant, humans can act according to the categorical imperative by taking three forms of action. The philosopher argues that humans should act only according to the adages which they can will to be universal laws. This implies that humans should act in ways that are universally acceptable (Kant, p.112). He also suggests that humans should treat humanity as an end to itself and never merely as a means to their ends. This implies that humans should perceive their race as having the ability to accomplish many different issues. They should not treat humans as a means to satisfying their needs but rather as a means through which they can achieve their targets (Kant, p.23). Finally, the philosopher suggests that humans should act as though they are members in the kingdom of ends in which they are subject and sovereign at the same time.

Air pollution come along with urban development Essay

Air pollution come along with urban development - Essay Example China, like Indonesia and MÃ ©xico, is an emerging economy where air pollution in large cities causes significant health problems and is part of the nation’s priorities. Tackling air pollution not only curbs the degradation of air quality, but also promotes economic growth through the reduction of extra operating costs in public, businesses, households, and industry sectors. However, urban center reshaping results in greater livability regardless of the city’s geographic location. The debate on urban air pollution is far from over with both sides, making all efforts to prove their point. As the debate on air pollution becomes heated, many are left asking: should we stop urban development to protect our atmosphere? Logan, a senior research scientist in the Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, argues that the adoption of environmental regulation, economic reform, and energy policy controls air pollution even with urban development. Logan completed a study in which he showed that through dramatically reversing local and global air pollution in China, coal consumption lowered as the consumption of oil, natural gas and electricity rose. Consequently, there was a drastic decline in the consumption of air pollution emissions by about 20% and a corresponding decline in carbon dioxide emission by 15%. In his study, Logan (42) investigated the tradeoff between air pollution and economic growth to indicate how breaking away with the coal-based past through adoption of economic reforms, environmental policies and targeted energy reduced sulfur and other air pollutants. The study indicated a positive correlation between fiscal reforms and definite policies on environment and energy and reduced levels of carbon emissions, particulate, and sulfur. A different study conducted by in 2014 (Cunningham) confirmed that China being the world’s largest coal producer and consumer continually

Summery Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 13

Summery - Essay Example The study was carried out on 1337 young school going people aged between 17 and 18 in Vastmanland, where the students completed a survey by answering questions about their relationships with parents, sexual abuse experience and delinquency levels, and saliva samples taken for determination of DNA. In conclusion, individuals carrying less active variant of MAOA, show a greater level of crime and violent delinquency, and those who experience abuse in childhood, are likely to display antisocial behavior to their adulthood(Amelia Para 13). BDNF variant on the other hand was associated with aggressive behavior if the peers were exposed to aggressive peers and among carriers of HTTLPR, those exposed to adversity in childhood were more likely to show antisocial behavior. Exposure to stress was found to increase violence and delinquency among kids, and genes were found to affect brains, thereby behavior by altering sensitivity to environment (Amelia Para 17). Amelia, Smith. New study reveals antisocial behavior is linked to genetics. 2014. Web 19th Jan 2015

Cultural differences Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words

Cultural differences - Essay Example ould like to state that the importance of understanding different cultural factors is limited to business but it is vital for eliminating several societal problems prevailing in the community that comprise racism, gender inequalities and differences in social classes among others (Littlechild, 2012). According to my viewpoint, understanding cultural differences in the light of theories postulated by certain distinguished researchers and their implications on cultural diversity leads towards significant outcomes in terms of facilitating greater understanding different unaddressed cultural issues. Moreover, I believe that these theories guide an individual with necessary insights that promotes displaying of specific behaviour at varying cultural environment. Hence, in order to critically address the issues of cultural differences, I have chosen six primary topics like culture as well as lived experiences, working with the Spanish and Japanese, cultural intelligence, teams and cultural differences, historical perspective of British class of society and leadership along with management development. Bruce Parry is one the most well-known activists who possess a comprehensive understanding about different cultures. He strongly believed that there is only one way of understanding cultures. According to his observation, in order to understand the culture for any particular tribe, it is quite important to live with that particular tribe for a certain time period. He also realised that taking part in the daily cultural lives of tribes with all its richness as well as diversity would certainly enable to understand their culture better. One of the tribes that he observed was the Penan tribe that has its existence in the state of Sarawak in Malaysia. It has been observed that there lay the presence of a significant portion of Penan tribe in the Malaysian state of Sarawak. (BBC, 2008). In relation to determine Bruce Parry’s view i.e. ‘to understand a culture you need to

Criminal Law - newspaper articles Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Criminal Law - newspaper articles - Assignment Example The overall purpose is to reach a conclusion on the accuracy of press reports that touch on legal matters while pointing out various reasons for inaccuracies that occur. Under the UK rules, fraud by false representation refers to a situation where a person makes a false representation either by intent or being dishonest in the process for personal gains. A representation is defined as being false if the person making it knows that it is true and misleading. In other case, fraud may be by a person failing to disclose information by intent through dishonest means for personal gains. The other part is fraud by abuse of position in which the person involved misuses his position for his personal gain. In the article, James Stevenson has pleaded guilty of an account of fraud in the IT firm where he worked by adding nectar points to his card which he later used to purchase things and access services. The judge also refers to him as having used his office to represent himself falsely. In the case that is presented in the article, James Stevens is guilty of one account of fraud namely fraud by abuse of position. Stevens used his position where he had access to all the activities that involve the use of cards, which was run by a third party, to benefit from services that were being offered by use of the card. This is evidenced by the amount of items that he purchased using the card despite his denial of the figures that have been presented in court. The reporting was not accurately done because in the article, an impression is created that Stevens was sent to jail because of having just added the amount of nectar points to his card. This scenario points out the inaccuracies in the reporting of legal affairs. PC Jamie Hillman who stole over  £70,000 from banks in loans to fund an extra marital affair walked out of court freely as the judge declared him of being emotionally fragile. The Bristol court

The future role for rail freight in the uk Essay

The future role for rail freight in the uk - Essay Example Acknowledging this potential to provide the key role towards some of the economic and environmental goals of Britain, the government moved to take appropriate actions through the provision of platform policies that support the sustainability and growth of this sector. Yet, the achievement of the goals of the rail freight will be based on the delivered expectations of the other players of the industry namely those who avail of the services of the rail freight. They will be the indicators to sustain the potentials and push it towards the future role that is expected from the rail freight industry. As other studies and facts support the growth of the entire freight or transport industry, the main focus now are on the different modes that offer the same services. Consequently, the next point of consideration is the selection process of the customers of the freight industry. Naturally, they have to select the best mode to transport their goods with the most convenience and the best and cost efficient method. The needs and expectations of the players that utilise this service will be the important indicator for the growth and development of the particular sector. However, more importantly, it will also predict the future role of the mode of transport in relation to the delivery of the expected results. The purpose of this study then is to understand the future role of the rail freight industry in the United Kingdom through looking into the needs and expectations of the sectors that utilises this industry. As there are other modes of transporting goods, it is essential to understand the choice of rail over road, water and pipeline. Without this insight on the needs of the users and customer of the rail freight, it will be impossible to catch a glimpse of the future performance of rail freight. Further, understanding through

Orientation Training Essay Example for Free

Orientation Training Essay Blanchard Thacker (2010) describe how orientation can be described as the type of activities that an individuals or organization may seem most interested in and can give most attention. Orientation training can be described as training designed for newly hired employees to allow them to understanding the organizations operations. Also, orientation training give new employee’s opportunities to learn polices and procedures for making decision and activities of various units are coordinated. Orientation training can being with the socialization process with new employees and help the employee learn information about the organization and the values of the organization (Blanchard Thacker, 2010). Orientations can be short or have longer approach dew to the kind of organizations the employees will be working for. The value of orientation training can with the how the learning theory prospective can be based on previous learning. New information can be interpret and understand in the context that is already know. Blanchard Thacker (2010) show how successful organization can recognize the need for providing new employees with orientation training. They also view how new employees can use the organization and the first entry into the organization and whit will coming next tin the upcoming days in the organizations. The first view of the organization can be a lasting one and can important for organization to have good imaged an impression to chance the effectiveness the organization and new employees (Blanchard Thacker, 2010). Another value of orientation training can be how employees who attend orientation training can be flexible to accepting the organizations goals and values. Orientations training can be effective with the use of the guidance that is provided to employees regarding manageme nt expectations. Also orientations can be effective in reducing anxiety, reducing role ambiguity. In addition reducing turnover, improving job performance, providing high levels of commitment and can show the effective and efficient of the organizations (Blanchard Thacker, 2010). In conclusion, orientation training is designed for new employees to allow them to understanding the organizations operations. Orientation training gives new employee’s opportunities to learn polices and procedures for making decision in the new organizations. Orientations training can be effective with the use of the guidance that it helps to provide to new employees regarding management expectations. References: Blanchard, N. P., Thacker, J. (2010). Effective Training, System, Strategies and Practices (Custom 4th ed.). Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall.

Patriotic Act Essay Example for Free

Patriotic Act Essay The Patriotic Act stands for Provide Appropriate Tools Required to intercept and Obstruct Terrorism. This act followed the terrorist attacks of september11 on New York and Pentagon, which prompted the congress to start working on a number of anti-terrorism bills.[1] This bill became a law on October 2001 after United States of America president George Bush assent. The Patriotic Act added the scope of authority of US law enforcement agencies in their effort to combat terrorism in United States as well as other parts of the world. The various provisions of the Act’s enabled law enforcement agencies to search records, e-mail and telephone messages in addition to enhanced discretions in detaining foreigners who are suspected to be involved in terrorism acts.[2] The Patriotic Act also resulted into a lot of changes to other U.S Acts which includes Acts such as Immigration and Nationality Act, Foreign Intelligence Surveillance act (FISA) of 1978, Bank Secrecy act (BSA), Electronic Communications Privacy Act (ECPA) of 1968 and Money Laundering Control act of 1986.[3] However due to its controversial nature, several bills to amend the Patriotic law were later passed. These include bills like: Security and Freedom Ensured act, protecting the rights of the individual act, which failed to be passed.[4] It is important to have a brief overview of the titles if the act. Title 1 and title X The first title is meant to facilitate the domestic security agencies ability to fight terrorism. Under this title, a special fund to combat terrorism was established in addition to increased funding for FBI military support center. Title 1 also authorized the military to intervene in cases in which weapon of mass destruction are involved if they are so requested by the Attorney Generals of United States.[5]   In addition, the National Crime Task Force was expanded together with increasing president’s authority in making decisions related to terrorism like confiscating that properties belongs to foreign person or corporation or country. This title of the Act also condemned discrimination against Muslims and Arab Americans that many Native Americans held against them after the September 11 terrorist attack.[6] On the other hand Title X created and changed several miscellaneous laws that could not fit under other sections of Patriotic Act. In this title of the Patriotic Act, the Inspector General was required to appoint a person to be in charge of monitoring, reviewing, and reporting the congress about any allegation raised against the department of justice. The definition of electronic surveillance was also amended to exclude federal agents interception of communication through protected computers where the owner permits it.[7] In addition to these provisions, aliens who committed money laundering cases could be reported in the district that money laundering originated from. Under this title, $5000000 was allocated to Drug Enforcement Agencies (DEA) to be used for military training in South and East Asia. A new Act called Crime against charitable organizations was created which required telemarketer s calling on behalf of charities to reveal the names and mailing address of the charity the telemarketer is representing.[8] â€Å"Title II Surveillance Procedures† This is the act that has faced a lot of controversy due investigative authority given to federal officer that allows them to disregard procedures that ensure privacy of individuals. This title made amendments to FISA and ECPA and it covers various aspects of surveillance of suspected terrorist, computer frauds and individuals who are suspected to be foreign agents involved in clandestine operations in United States.[9] Under title 2 also the purpose of FISA was reviewed whereby gathering Foreign Intelligence Information was made the significant purpose in contrast to before when it was the primary purpose. This change was initiated in an attempt to remove legal barriers between what is regarded as Criminal investigation and surveillance with the aim of gathering foreign intelligence from immigrants. The government was no longer required to proof that a suspect under surveillance is a non-US or a foreign agent.[10] The scope of wiretap and surveillance order was also increased under this section. The act gave authority to the district court judge to issue search warrants and surveillance orders in terrorism related investigation. Several provisions under this title permitted access to electronic communication including surveillance of protected computers where the owner is required to allow federal officers to intercept communications through the computer. The law enforcement agencies were further given powers to demand from cable companies’ disclosure of customer communication.[11] The most controversial provision of title 2 is: â€Å"roving wiretap†, â€Å"sneak and peak† searches and Federal Bureau of Intelligence’s authority to access records that reveal the behavior patterns of US citizens. The sneak and peak provision for instance allowed FBI officers to notify the suspect about their execution of search warrants after they have already conducted the search.[12] Roving wiretaps are wiretaps orders by a court that do not require to mention all common carriers and third parties in a Survillance order. The department of justice appreciates the importance of roving wiretaps since they realize that terrorists can take advantage of wiretap orders by constantly changing cell phones and locations.[13] The other highly controversial provision is the one that authorizes the FBI to demand the production of tangible things like records, books and documents that can aid in investigation involving terrorism or clandestine intelligence operations as long as such investigations are not carried out against provision of first amendment to the constitution.[14] â€Å"Title III Anti-Money Laundering† This section of the act is aimed at combating money laundering and financing of terrorist by putting measures to detect, prevent and prosecuting the suspects. The act is divided into three subtitles.[15] The first subtitle focuses on strengthening rules of financial institutions by requiring them to monitor transaction from areas prone to money laundering g and put measures to identify the true owners of bank accounts on payable through accounts. The second subtitle dealt with co-operation of the bank and other financial institutions with agencies that fight money laundering and terrorism while the third subtitle dealt with currency crimes.[16] Title IV Title 4 of Patriotic act deals with boarder security. Under this title, additional funds were avai1ed to Immigration and Naturalization Service and necessary provisions enacted to facilitate all government agencies operation to prevent the entry of unauthorized person into US or the movement of people with currency, technology or other illegal commodities out of the country.[17] Title IV This title was created to remove barriers to investigate terrorism. The attorney general together with some specified government officials were authorized to pay rewards to people who could disclose important information that could lead to arrest of terrorist suspects.[18] Education provision act was amended, whereby the US attorney general can collect and retain relevant educational records that can aid in investigation. The most controversial provision of this title 5 concerns National security letters to an organization requiring it to submit relevant data and records of its employees. This act was later challenged and declared unconstitutional since it went against first and fourth amendment.[19] Title VI-amendment victim of crime act of 1984 to ensure that victim of crime fund was managed more efficiently and enough funds were at their disposal. [20] Title VII enhances the US law enforcement agency to combat terrorist. Under this act bureau of justice assistance arranges for contracts with state, on governmental organization and local criminal authorities whereby grants are awarded in exchange for valuable intelligence information. [21] Title VIII:  Ã‚   To Strengthen criminal laws against terrorism Under title of the Act new criminal offences are added against passenger transport vehicles and ferries. The provision of this title also prohibits harboring suspected. terrorist. [22] Title IX: To improve intelligence This title is meant to facilitate intelligence operations whereby the director of CIA is required to give priorities to foreign intelligence gathered under FISA as well as ensuring that information collected search and electronic surveillance is shared with other intelligence agencies.[23] Critique of Patriotic Act The critiques of USA patriotic theory argue that the Act sacrifices the rights and freedoms of US citizens in the name of national security. New inflated powers are given to executive branch of government under this act.[24] However, these executives have misused powers vested on them by detaining innocent suspects especially the immigrants. The act also poses a threat to civil liberties of individuals. The act comprises the provision of fourth amendment relating to privacy of US citizens. The non-citizens are also subjected to unfair treatment whereby they are put in mandatory detention camp and removed from US in some cases.[25] The act also threatens the rights of political activists and critiques of government whereby some of their vigorous acts comments may be wrongly regarded as illegal under the act. Due to vagueness of definition of domestic terrorism Environmental activist are at a sensitive area under this act since the nature of their work involves direct actions. This might be regarded as domestic terrorism leading to their prosecution. The enhanced surveillance powers coupled within the increased sharing of information between criminal and intelligence operations open way for CIA to spy on the members of public.   [26] Moreover sneak and peak searches, which have been authorized under the act, may have negative effects. Under sneak and peak the execution search warrant takes place before notifying the owner of the building. This is purely against the provisions of fourth amendment and federal rules of criminal procedure.[27] According to critiques the FBI, can obtain sensitive files of a person even without suspecting the person of any illegal acts. The act further allows the FBI to access Internet usage and telephone communication. However the act does not specify what content should be accessed by the federal officers. Due to this private information’s and messages falls into the hand as of these officers.[28] Law enforcement agencies are allowed by patriotic act evades the fourth amendment provision. Wiretaps and physical searches can be contented in the name of collecting foreign intelligence information. This can result to spying in the persons claimed as enemy of the government.[29] Another section that has been subjected to critism is section 203.Under patriotic, the FBI, the CIA and NIS are allowed to freely share information. While this sharing may n help to fight terror to some extent, the political freedom of individuals are jeopardized. The immigrants are also vulnerable since their political association to organizations that have violated the law can be labeled terrorists. The immigrants cannot protect themselves by limiting their membership to organizations or curtailing their activities since the act does not have a clear definition of terrorist organization or activities.[30] Supporter However supporters of the patriotic act argue that the act empowers federal agents to combat terror-using court approved tools that have proved to be useful for a long time. They argue that the patriotic act has not been abused since 2001 when it was passed to become the law. /other people feel that patriotic act will equip the federal agents to prevent further catastrophe.[31] According to attorney general, Mr. john Ashcroft, the patriotic act is the key to success of the fight against terrorism. He further argues that the act facilitates the government ability to fight terrorism by expanding its surveillance capabilities.[32] He argued that through the increased powers of federal officers the government has been able to crackdown terrorist cells and disrupted their financing and weapon procurement efforts. [33] Conclusion Even though some amendments were necessary to equip then federal agents not fight terrorism abd other crimes more efficiently, some provisions introduced by patriotic act undermines the basic human rights and freedom that the law seeks to uphold. Some provisions of patriotic act may not be very detrimental to human rights but the extent of power they give to federal officers is a bit exaggerated and when such officers decide to abuse this powers, then democracy is the price to pay in the name of fighting terrorism. However a leeway can be found whereby the federal officers are provided with the necessary tools to fight terrorism at the same time upholding the fundamental rights and freedoms of citizens of United States. [1] www.jurist.law.pitt.edu/forum/forumnew40.htm [2] www.jurist.law.pitt.edu/forum/forumnew40.htm [3] American Library Association [4] American Library Association [5] American Library Association [6] http://www.sptimes.com/2003/11/08/State/Ashcroft__Patriot_Act.shtml [7] http://www.sptimes.com/2003/11/08/State/Ashcroft__Patriot_Act.shtml [8] http://www.eff.org/Privacy/Surveillance/Terrorism//20011031_eff_usa_patriot_analysis.php [9] http://www.eff.org/Privacy/Surveillance/Terrorism//20011031_eff_usa_patriot_analysis.php [10] American Library Association P26-27 [11] American Library Association, P27-29 [12] http://www.sptimes.com/2003/11/08/State/Ashcroft__Patriot_Act.shtml [13] http://www.sptimes.com/2003/11/08/State/Ashcroft__Patriot_Act.shtml [14] www.jurist.law.pitt.edu/forum/forumnew40.htm [15] www.jurist.law.pitt.edu/forum/forumnew40.htm [16] American Library Association, P 28-30 [17] http://www.sptimes.com/2003/11/08/State/Ashcroft__Patriot_Act.shtml [18] American Library Association, P 31-33 [19] American Library Association, P 32-34 [20] www.jurist.law.pitt.edu/forum/forumnew40.htm [21] www.jurist.law.pitt.edu/forum/forumnew40.htm [22]http://www.eff.org/Privacy/Surveillance/Terrorism//20011031_eff_usa_patriot_analysis.php [23]http://www.eff.org/Privacy/Surveillance/Terrorism//20011031_eff_usa_patriot_analysis.php [24] Dana K P [25] John W. [26] Dana K P43 [27] John W. P52 [28] John W.P 44 [29] John W.P 56 [30] Dana K P 46 [31] http://www.sptimes.com/2003/11/08/State/Ashcroft__Patriot_Act.shtml [32] http://www.sptimes.com/2003/11/08/State/Ashcroft__Patriot_Act.shtml [33] http://www.sptimes.com/2003/11/08/State/Ashcroft__Patriot_Act.shtml

Music Essays Antonio Vivaldi Music

Music Essays Antonio Vivaldi Music Antonio Vivaldi Music ANTONIO VIVALDI 1678-1741 Antonio Vivaldi was born on March 4, 1678 in Venice, the Capital of the Republic of Venice and was the oldest of nine brothers and sisters. His father, Giovanni Battista, was the son of a tailor. Giovanni was a barber when Antonio was born and in 1685, became a full-time violinist at St. Mark’s under the surname Rossi. His mother, Camilla Calicho, also happened to be the daughter of a tailor. When Antonio was born, he was immediately baptized by the midwife, most likely because an earthquake had shaken Venice earlier than day. His official church baptism did not take place until several months later. Antonio Vivaldi entered the priesthood in 1693 and was ordained in 1703. During this time, Antonio was learned to play the violin with his father as his teacher. Within a year of his ordination, Antonio no longer wished to celebrate mass because he complained of â€Å"tightness of the chest† which was probably some type of asthma or nervous disorder. There were also rumors that he may have been faking the illness. Other stories describes times when Antonio left the alter in order to quickly jot down a musical idea in the sacristy. Obviously, he had become a priest against his own will, perhaps because training for the priesthood in those times was one way a boy from a poor family could obtain free schooling. In December of 1703, Antonio became maestro di violino (master of violin) at an orphanage called the Pio Ospedale della Pietà   (Devout Hospital of Mercy) in Venice. This was one of four such institutions in Venice. Although termed an orphanage, this Ospedale was actually a home for the female children of nobleman and their numerous affairs with their mistresses therefore was well endowed by the anonymous fathers. The young ladies were well looked after and the musical standards were among the highest in Venice and the Ospedales orchestra and choir was well renowned. Vivaldi wrote for them most of his concertos, cantatas, and sacred music. In 1704 the position of teacher of viola allinglese was added to his duty as violin instructor. Vivaldi remained teaching at the Ospedale until 1709, when his appointment was not renewed. After a year as a free-lance musician working for the Teatro Sant’ Angelo, an opera theater, he was recalled by the Ospedale with a unanimous vote in 1711 . He became responsible for the musical activity of the institute in 1713 and was promoted to maestro de concerti in 1716. During his years at Ospedale della Pietà  , Vivaldi wrote much of his music, including may operas and concerti. In 1705, the first collection of his works was published, Raccolta. In 1709 a second collection of 12 sonatas for violin basso continuo, Opus 2, appeared. In 1711, twelve concerti he had written for one, two, and four violins with strings, Lestro Armonico (Opus 3), were published in Amsterdam by music publisher Estienne Roger. In 1713, the Ospedale della Pietà   gave Vivaldi one month’s leave in order to stage his first opera, Ottone in villa, in Vicenza. Get help with your essay from our expert essay writers The end of 1716 was a high point for Antonio Vivalda as far as his theatrical activities were concerned. The Ospedale della Pietà   performed his forst great oratorio, Judith Triumphans devicta Holofernis barbaric, an allegorical description of the victory of the Venetians over the Turks and the recapture of the island of Corfà ¹ in August of 1716. All eleven singing parts were performed by girls of the Pietà  , both for the female and male characters. Many of the arias included parts by solo instruments that showcased girl’s talents, recorders, oboes, clarinets, viola damore, and mandolins. Also in 1716, Vivaldi wrote and produced two more operas, Lincoronazione di Dario and La costanza trionfante degli amori e degli odi. His modern operatic style was not well accepted by other more conservative musicians, like Benedetto Marcello. Marcello was a magistrate and amateur musician and wrote a pamphlet called Il teatro alla moda against Vivaldi and the modern style of opera. Th e cover of the has a caricature of Vivaldi playing the violin. Vivaldi moved to Mantua near the end of 1717 to take the position as Chamber Capellmeister of the court of the prince Phillip of Hesse-Darmstadt, the governor of Mantua. His job there involved providing operas, canatats, and concert music as well. He remained there for two or three years and produced several more operas, Armida and Tito Manlio. In 1721, Vivaldi moved to Rome. His operas introduced the new style and the new pope Benedict XIII invited him to play for him. Vivaldi moved back to Venice in 1725 with aspiring young singer Anna Giraud, an acquaintance he met while in Mantua. She moved in with him as well as her sister, Paolina. According to Vivaldi, Anna was no more than a housekeeper and a good friend. He went on to produce four more operas in that year. Some time in this period between 1717 and 1725, Vivaldi wrote the Four Seasons, four violin concertos depicting natural scenes in music. The first concerto, Spring, borrows motifs from a Sinfonia in the first act of his opera Il Giustino which was written at the same time. The next three of the concerti are of original compositions. The inspiration for them is believed to be the countryside around Mantua. The concertos were a revolution in musical conception. Vivaldi represented flowing creeks, singing, barking dogs, buzzing mosquitoes, crying shepherds, storms, drunken dancers, silent nights, hunting parties (both from the hunters and the preys point of view), frozen landscapes, children ice-skating, and burning fires. Each concerto was associated with a sonnet written by Vivaldi, describing the scenes depicted in the music. These concertos were published in Amsterdam in 1725 as the first four of a collection of twelve, Il cimento dellArmonia e dellInventione, his Opus 8. The remaining concertos were Storm at Sea, Pleasure, and The Hunt. These concertos were enormously successful. In 1730, Vivaldi traveled to the music-loving city of Prague with his father and Anna Giraud. His opera Farnace was presented as well as two new operas during the 1730-1731 season. Vivaldis life ended in financial difficulties. He decided to sell off many of his manuscripts because they no longer held the popularity they once did in Venice. He ended up selling them off very cheaply in order to travel to Vienna. It is believed that Vivaldi moved to Vienna in 1740 or 1741 under the patronage of Charles VI who unfortunately died shortly after his arrival. Vivaldi himself passed away on July 28, 1741 due to â€Å"internal fire,† most likely the asthma that plagued him his entire life. He was buried in a modest grave next to the Karlskirche in Vienna, at the site of the Technical Institute. Vivaldi’s compositions included over 500 concertos; 350 of which are for solo instrument and strings while about 230 are for violin. The remaining compositions are for bassoon, cello, oboe, flute, viola damore, recorder, lute, and mandolin. He also composed 46 operas and 73 sonatas, in addition to chamber music and sacred music. His most famous work is believed to be Le Quattro Stagioni (The Four Seasons).

On Writing in America: The Politics, Criticism, and Fiction of William Dean Howells :: Essays Papers

On Writing in America: The Politics, Criticism, and Fiction of William Dean Howells Upon hearing of an event which has become known as "The Haymarket Incident," a violent outbreak that involved strikers at the McCormick Harvesting Machine Company on May 4, 1886, William Dean Howells felt provoked to respond.1 Whatever personal motives this highly publicized incident sparked in Howells, who was successful novelist and influential critic of the literature and social issues of his time, the strike and subsequent executions of seven of the protesters involved had a trenchant effect on this respected man of letters. Howells illustrated his remorse for what he understood as a profound legal injustice in a letter he wrote to a friend shortly before the hanging of the Haymarket protesters: "It blackens my life. I feel the horror and the shame of the crime which the law is about to commit against justice."2 Howells' assertions in regard to the case were at the time radical and not widely supported; they contradicted the views of the majority of the American media, who chose to back big business and to disregard details that to Howells marked the trial as corrupt. Howells' views challenged a general sentiment in the press against working class protesters, who, like the workers involved in the Haymarket Incident, demanded certain rights in the workplace and proposed an eight-hour work day.3 It had become a trend in the media to back the employers rather than the employed, in the name of the free market, before the Haymarket "riots." For example, several years before the incident at Haymarket, the Chicago Tribune had characterized a group of railroad workers involved in a similar incident as "the scum and filth of the city." Three days later, commenting on the organizers of the same uprising, the Tribune contended that "Capitalism would offer any sum to see the leaders...strung up to a tel egraph pole."4 Howells was known for his radical political views, views which often questioned the effectiveness of a capitalist society, and it is not surprising that he subsequently supported the Haymarket laborers. Howells' socialistic views no doubt sprung in part from his readings of Tolstoy, especially from the Russian novelist's writings on the notion of "Christian Socialism." Howells once wrote, "Tolstoi [sic] gave me the heart to hope that the world may yet be made over in the image of Him who died for it,...(that) men shall come into their own,.

The Tragedy of Child Abuse in America :: Violence Against Children

Child abuse is the intentional infliction of physical, moral, and sexual pain and suffering on a child. It is performed mainly by parents who were maltreated as children themselves. There are many causes for child abuse. In some cases children are mistreated when parents or caretakers have maladaptive responses to stressful situations or feel powerless. Searching for relief, they may hit someone with even less power than they, and these are often children. Other times child abuse is the result of family problems over which the abuser has no control. Alcohol was said to be involved in fourteen percent of the cases of abuse and in eighteen and a half percent of the cases of neglect. â€Å"Religion, residence in the city or country, region of the country, and race are all related to violence in a home.† Approximately eighty percent of the child-abusers were themselves abused as children. A high percentage of abusing parents feel that they are legitimately exercising their parental right. The parents injure their offspring hoping that the child will change a manner or learn a lesson. They take the idea of discipline to a brutal degree. In some cases the parents are simply too young and/or immature to take good care of their children. There is a higher percentage rate of mistreatment in families with mixed religion marriages. Very often it is a recollection of small pressures that finally make a parent explode. It is most likely that the abuser is employed only part-time or is jobless. Retired men and women are the least likely to harm a child. Most of the abusers do not suffer any kind of psychiatric illness. Because children with disabilities create more stress, they are more likely to be abused. Physical violence is more common in poor families, families living under stress or parents who suffered cruelty as children. Types of abuse also vary. The broad picture includes only moral, physical and sexual abuse, while in the narrower picture each of these has its own sub-topics. The kind of abuse varies depending on the age of the victim. Infant and pre-school children are more likely to suffer fractures, burns and bruises. This is called the â€Å"Battered child syndrome† discovered by C. Henry Kempe. Although school aged or adolescent females are more likely to suffer from sexual molestation, there is a recently growing number of sexual abuse of pre-school and male victims. The Tragedy of Child Abuse in America :: Violence Against Children Child abuse is the intentional infliction of physical, moral, and sexual pain and suffering on a child. It is performed mainly by parents who were maltreated as children themselves. There are many causes for child abuse. In some cases children are mistreated when parents or caretakers have maladaptive responses to stressful situations or feel powerless. Searching for relief, they may hit someone with even less power than they, and these are often children. Other times child abuse is the result of family problems over which the abuser has no control. Alcohol was said to be involved in fourteen percent of the cases of abuse and in eighteen and a half percent of the cases of neglect. â€Å"Religion, residence in the city or country, region of the country, and race are all related to violence in a home.† Approximately eighty percent of the child-abusers were themselves abused as children. A high percentage of abusing parents feel that they are legitimately exercising their parental right. The parents injure their offspring hoping that the child will change a manner or learn a lesson. They take the idea of discipline to a brutal degree. In some cases the parents are simply too young and/or immature to take good care of their children. There is a higher percentage rate of mistreatment in families with mixed religion marriages. Very often it is a recollection of small pressures that finally make a parent explode. It is most likely that the abuser is employed only part-time or is jobless. Retired men and women are the least likely to harm a child. Most of the abusers do not suffer any kind of psychiatric illness. Because children with disabilities create more stress, they are more likely to be abused. Physical violence is more common in poor families, families living under stress or parents who suffered cruelty as children. Types of abuse also vary. The broad picture includes only moral, physical and sexual abuse, while in the narrower picture each of these has its own sub-topics. The kind of abuse varies depending on the age of the victim. Infant and pre-school children are more likely to suffer fractures, burns and bruises. This is called the â€Å"Battered child syndrome† discovered by C. Henry Kempe. Although school aged or adolescent females are more likely to suffer from sexual molestation, there is a recently growing number of sexual abuse of pre-school and male victims.

Kate Chopins The Awakening and Henrik Ibsens A Dolls House Essay

Kate Chopin's work, The Awakening, and Henrik Ibsen's play, A Doll's House, were composed at a time when men dictated women in every part of life. They are both superior examples of literary works greatly ahead of their time. Each work exemplifies the strict social standards placed on women and how they destructively affected the women. They also demonstrate how the women were able to overcome over these social ethics and get towards a life of vaster fulfillment. The characters in The Awakening and A Doll's House were very similar. In addition, the trials that they faced were also very similar. Both of the female characters are confronted with the fact that they have an authoritarian for a husband, and create an exit scheme to leave them. For Nora this includes deserting her family and running away, while Edna makes the choice that Nora could not do and commits suicide. Nora and Edna also harbor a secret that ultimately leads to their choice to leave their families. In addition, bot h writings also seem to have similar themes. They both explore the idea of freedom and discovering one’s own identity. Furthermore, they show how a woman in late 1800s often had no freedom from what society anticipated of them. As an outcome, the only way they could find their own identity was by leaving these social standards inflicted by their family life. Ibsen and Chopin appear to purposely present their main characters in this way and use their gifts for writing to foretell a transformation in society that needs to and will eventually occur. There are many similarities between the two: each protagonist seems happy about their marriage in the beginning, controlled by their husband, has a secret, and eventually realizes they are someone. Edna Pon... ...vald, she tells him, â€Å"I don’t believe that any longer. I believe that before all else I am a reasonable human being, just as you are—or, at all events, that I must try and become one. I know quite well, Torvald, that most people would think you right, and that views of that kind are to be found in books; but I can no longer content myself with what most people say, or with what is found in books. I must think over things for myself and get to understand them.† (Ibsen 112) Therefore, in the end both Edna and Nora left in dramatic ways, one leaving a life and the other leaving a family. Bibliography Ibsen, Henrik. A Doll's House. Coradella Collegiate Books, 11 Oct. 2004. PDF. Chopin, Kate, McMichael, George L., J. S. Leonard, and Shelley Fisher. Fishkin. The Awakening. Anthology of American Literature. Tenth ed. Vol. II. Boston: Longman, 2011. 697-786. Print.

“Analyzing Political Discourses” Theory and Practice

The use of metaphors, repetition of words and biblical references in Obama’s speech of inauguration based on â€Å"Analyzing Political Discourses† Theory and Practice by Paul Chilton Number of Words: 2589 Introduction: Political discourses are made to impress, persuade and to underline ideas to change a country. Politicians use specialized writers to write for them their discourses or use a lot of time to write one, as political discourses are important for the future outcome. For example: To be voted by the people or explain bad situation on an adequate way so that the people don’t offended.To achieve this goal, several methods are used. But in this essay I will focus on metaphors, the repetition of specified words and the use of Biblical references, using methods given by Paul Chilton in his book â€Å"Analyzing Political Discourse, Theory and Practice†. As experimental territory I used the inaugural speech of Barrack Obama, which he used for his first c andidature to become the president of the United States of America. The Speech by Barrack Obama can be found in the Appendix. My goal is not only to see what and how he used the methods but also what goal he tried to achieve.It is important to have some background information and what the people thought of him. As for America and other parts in the world, Obama stands for a new ideology, he promises America better healthcare, the end of the War and solutions to many problems, always emphasizing that this goal can only achieved as a team/nation but does he succeed to give us this image? What tricks did he use? What is a metaphor? Metaphors are used in political discourses to replace words that the audience doesn’t want to hear or could react badly. But what is a metaphor?In literary use, a metaphor (from the Greek: metapherin rhetorical trope)[1] is defined as an indirect comparison between two or more subjects that are typically linked by a â€Å"is a† to join the two subjects. As an example we can take following sentence: † This Man is a beast â€Å". This is an elliptical form to emphasize the sentence that the Man is like a beast. Paul Chilton is the opinion that, Metaphors, qua models of political realities, as he calls them, are part of political discourses of today and used as vehicles to bring an opinion to a target. [2] We realize now that all of us speak in metaphors whether we realize it or not.For example Mark Johnson, a philosopher, suggests that metaphors not only make our thoughts more vivid and interesting but that they actually structure and individualize our perceptions and understanding such that each person has a different understanding and thoughts about a common subject. [3] Metaphor is for many people a device of poetic and rhetorical imagination and development rather than the ordinary language, which is wrong as proven above. Metaphor analysis in Barrack Obama’s Speech: In the following points I will reveal s everal metaphors Obama used and will try to reveal why he used them.But also the Biblical references used as a metaphor, or as a bridge to transfer his Ideas. 1. CHANGE IS A MOVEMENT Citation out of the Speech: 1) â€Å"Forty-four Americans have now taken the presidential oath. The words have been spoken during rising tides of prosperity and the still waters of peace. â€Å" 2) â€Å"The question we ask today is not whether our government is too big or too small, but whether it works – whether it helps families find jobs at a decent wage, care they can afford, a retirement that is dignified. Where the answer is yes, we intend to move forward. Where the answer is no, programs will end. †In the first citation â€Å"rising tides† and â€Å"still waters† are used as source domains, whereas the target domain is the word â€Å"prosperity† and â€Å"peace†. As it can be seen in the phrases: â€Å"rising tides of prosperity† and â€Å"the still waters of peace† here, the movement is a change of location (rising) or a stationary moment (still). If it involves a movement as change of location, it can be associated with the words: forward, backward, upward, downward, etc†¦ so different directions and movements. The â€Å"rising tide of prosperity† can be seen as a state of prosperity that has moved and is changing, while peace has still not changed.This movement of which Obama is talking about can also be seen as a: flow of natural force (â€Å"the rising tides†) and substance (â€Å"still waters†). In the metaphorical expression in citation 2) the part which acts as source is the phrase â€Å"We intend to move forward† and â€Å"programs will end† where Obama is talking about the ideas of the US-government to provide jobs and a better social warranty. [4] In both metaphorical expressions, I think Obama wants to tell us that all presidents of America had taken the presidenti al oath to develop America.All of their effort had the aim of raising economic development and prosperity and that all of these can only be achieved as a nation with a strong political support from the people. So, the â€Å"WE† as a nation, which he uses a lot in his speeches. 2. POLITIC IS A JOURNEY 1) This is the journey we continue today. We remain the most prosperous, powerful nation on Earth. 2) Our journey has never been one of short cuts or settling for less. It has not been the path for the faint-hearted – for those who prefer leisure to work, or seek only the pleasures of riches and fame.Rather, it has been the risk-takers, the doers, the makers of things – some celebrated but more often men and women obscure in their labor, which have carried us up the long, rugged path towards prosperity and freedom. In the metaphorical expression of the first citation the part which acts as a source domain is the phrase: â€Å"This is the journey we continue todayâ €  whereas the focus of the citation is the American Political life. By saying the sentence â€Å"This is the journey we continue today† gave me the impression that the American people are compared to travelers having a journey to a certain destination.Even though we know that politics is no journey as such but can be seen as such in a metaphorical way. In the metaphorical expression of the second citation the part that interacts as source is the phrase â€Å"Our journey has never been one of short-cuts or settling for less. It has not been the path for the faint-hearted† whereas the target is also the American political life, like in the first citation with another connotation but keeping the idea of a journey in mind. We can see that in both citations have the same idea of a journey which is given to the audience.The idea behind is that the audiences who are involved in political life are like travelers on a journey, with their common need in life seen as the goal of this journey. The political activities and relation is their vehicle used to reach the goal of common interest. [5] 3. BIBLICAL REFERANCES AS A LIFESTYLE The citations I used here are taken again in a separate chapter using the theoretical rapprochement given by Paul Chilton in part III chapter 10. 1)â€Å"We remain a young nation, but, in the words of Scripture, the time has come to set aside childish things. † 2) â€Å"Love is patient, love is kind.It does not envy, it does not boast, it is not proud. It is not rude, it is not self-seeking, it is not easily angered, it keeps no record of wrongs. Love does not delight in evil but rejoices with the truth. It always protects, always trusts, always hopes, and always perseveres. Love never fails. † In the 1st citation the source domain given is the phrase â€Å"time has come to set aside childish things† where he targets the lifestyle of the Americans. It gives the impression that the fights they had about poli tical problems are childish and that they should focus to strive a common goal.In the second citation he uses the same idea, again using a citation out of a religious text using as source domain â€Å"Love is patient, love is kind. It does not envy, it does not boast, it is not proud. It is not rude, it is not self-seeking† like before the target is the lifestyle of the Americans which Obama criticizes. It is clear that through these citations Obama tries to reason the population quoting biblical references. Comparing America with childhood and telling them that through love only, again the idea of working together, all goals can be achieved.I wont go deeper into this comparison as I will come back to it later on in the text. Frequency of words: To see what words Obama used in his speech frequently and how many times we had to know how many words are in his whole speech, which lies around 2403 words. As such I was able to give the percentage of the most used words. The word O bama laid the most emphasizes is â€Å"WE† which he used 62 times, which can be understood as his speech is about working together as a nation and is also a word used in his slogan: â€Å"Yes WE can†. Other words he used frequently are:[6] KeywordRepeatsDensity Nation 12 0,50 New 11 0,46America 9 0,37 Today 7 0,29 People 7 0,29 The repetition of these words sticks with the listeners as such the listener will always remember this words and will combine them with the discourse of Obama. As for mind manipulation it is the repetition that stays in our mind. [7]When we are learning or looking at advertisements or when we are learning a song, we always repeat them until we know them by heart. In the case of marketing the advertisements are kept easy and shown more than one so that they stick in our minds and when we have to choose between two product we will chose the one we â€Å"know† or that we can remember of.The same is in political discourses. The more often it is repeated the more we will remember them and believe them. In Obama’s case using the words Nation, New etc†¦ he tries to underline the idea of freshness in the United States and that it can only work as a NATION. As all presidents the repetition of AMERICA, motivates the American listeners and they feel directly talked to, strengthening also the bond between the people and the nation. Paul Chilton underlines in his book that discourses often use a container concept, which is created by the words used.This container ideology is divided in three structures: in interior and a exterior which are defined by a boundary which are formed in political discourses to a container- nation with political borders given by the speech. As such it is able for politicians to give the fault to others, outside of the container while securing the interior of the container. Analysis of Biblical references Apparently it is customary in American political discourse to employ biblical language[ 8], which is an inherent part of the old American public way of speaking.However, given that Obama is a non-traditional and liberal candidate for president,[9] it is even more interesting to analyze the biblical references he used and give possible explanations why used following citations for his speech. â€Å"We remain a young nation, but, in the words of Scripture, the time has come to set aside childish things. † Obama quoted here, the New Testament, 1 Corinthians 13:11, dealing with St. Paul’s letter to the church in Corinth.The goal he tried to achieve of this particular example is to also aims at the Muslim, Jewish, Hindu and non-believing Americans, to include them too into the speech, for it is a text that is usually read at wedding ceremonies and is not specified to one religion specifically, as it speaks about true love in the following manner: â€Å"Love is patient, love is kind. It does not envy, it does not boast, it is not proud. It is not rude, it is n ot self-seeking, it is not easily angered, it keeps no record of wrongs. Love does not delight in evil but rejoices with the truth. It always protects, always trusts, always hopes an always perseveres.Love never fails. † (1 Corinthians, 13:4) â€Å"When I was a child, I talked like a child, I thought like a child, I reasoned like a child. When I became a man, I put childish ways behind me. Now we see but a poor reflection as in a mirror; then we shall see face to face. Now I know in part; then I shall know fully, even as I am fully known. And now these three remain: faith, hope and love. But the greatest of these is love. † (1 Corinthians, 13:11) These Letters were written by St. Paul to the church in Corinth in the times of internal struggles and divisions in the church, and when the church was hreatened by immoral influences surrounding the community. St. Paul’s letter was a letter of criticism and implorement to the Corinthians to stop the arguing and fighting around different problems and embrace, what he called, the most important virtue: love. [10] The choice of this particular biblical reference could be perceived as Obama’s attempt to spread the ideology of love â€Å"loving thy neighbor† so that the American people can embrace a notion of racial inclusiveness and ideological diversity, necessary in the time of economic and international crises.Again we can find the idea of a â€Å"WE†. Conclusion: It is now obvious that Paul Chilton theory can be applied. We can see that it is the play together of the different methods and many more make a discourse unique and manipulative. But it is important to know in which context the discourse has been written as the context can change the words, emotions and message in a political discourse. In Obama’s speech we can find the concept of pragmatism, liberalism, inclusiveness, acceptance of religious and ethnic diversity and unity. As such the result of keywords of hi s run for presidency.This is shown by the prominent words employed by Obama: nation, new and America, and a overall dominance of the personal pronoun We understood as necessary in the time of national peril†¦ The results of the biblical references, which Paul Chilton explains as â€Å"only† way to motivate and capture America’s population, have shown that Obama’s choice of citations (quoting the Corinthians) was to strengthen the notion of unity and brotherly love among the various members of the American diverse society. As such we can see that his methods were well used and can be found by the methods of Paul Chilton.Obama stands for his candidature through his speech and ideology, world wide as a new wind for America that will rebuild and strengthen the country. And we have to remember that Obama is the first president that has been accepted as young and black person as president. Sources Primary source: Analyzing Political Discourse, Theory and Practice , Paul Chilton, Routledge, 2004 Bibliography: – Article Discourse Society January 1993 vol. 4 no. 1 7-31 : Metaphor in Political Discourse: The Case of the `Common European House' by Paul Chilton and Mikhail Ilyin Moral Imagination: Implications of Cognitive Science for Ethics, University of Chicago, 1993. Secondary Sources: – University of Louisville, Article by Judith D. Fischer: http://www. law. louisville. edu/node/2720 – Online Document, Critical Discourse Analysis by Juraj Harvath: https://docs. google. com/viewer? a=v=cache:j-4vhWbO6a8J:www. pulib. sk/elpub2/FF/Ferencik2/pdf_doc/6. pdf+=de=lu=bl=ADGEESgDn7GSv6cJcZ6acGq5vk-rpp0mNE_qyGy5vUUCMEdg4d1M9efiWLiSgl3CRzYChNf3gQkZQ-saUZib0C5oBU-XVpDkee3pDul94RL3VlIR6nWc4j-OIJTNBkD9oZuSmxh4ybhM=AHIEtbRfcX_PIha4KZfnvwVFTzxPnRNSDA – Obama, the Lion in Winter: ttp://www. exec-comms. com/blog/2009/01/20/obama-the-lion-in-winter/ -5 Speechwriting Lessons from Obama’s Inaugural Speech by Andrew Dlugan: http: //sixminutes. dlugan. com/inauguration-speech-analysis-barack-obama-inaugural/ – Online Document: A Critical Discourse Analysis of Barack Obama’s Speeches By Junling Wang: https://docs. google. com/viewer? a=v=cache:HzMPBXpzbW8J:ojs. academypublisher. com/index. php/jltr/article/download/0103254261/1807+=de=lu=bl=ADGEEShaYaCyse11UxuFQk1KY0Zb0oOh15Ng1vgnuIdLSpdkL4Ia5nqoDh1DV-aO46J-bKQV9Fyfc3mz1MrZ5VTIrAnm85bmHXzt4cJZgNLYXFeuExE4wl1-SjUvUuEWd78WR0jiI5aV=AHIEtbT3Yd_sOMwtzg1_LtcSsaQh2FbYGw – Wikipedia article about metaphors: http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Metaphor visited on 21 November 2012 – St Paul’s Letters: http://biblescripture. net/1Corinthians. html Apendix: The whole speech of Obama can be found on BBC: http://news. bbc. co. uk/2/hi/americas/obama_inauguration/7840646. stm ———————– [1] http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Metaphor, visited on 21 November 2012 [2] Paul Chilton, Analyzing politi cal discourses, Page 49 [3] Moral Imagination: Implications of Cognitive Science for Ethics, University of Chicago, 1993. 4] Obama, the Lion in Winter: http://www. exec-comms. com/blog/2009/01/20/obama-the-lion-in-winter/ [5] Paul Chilton, Analyzing political discourses, Page 51 [6] Statistics taken out of: Critical discourse analysis by Juraj Harvath (controlled by myself again) [7] A Critical Discourse Analysis of Barack Obama’s Speeches By Junling Wang [8] Paul Chilton, Analyzing political discourses, Page 174 [9] Obama, the Lion in Winter: http://www. exec-comms. com/blog/2009/01/20/obama-the-lion-in-winter/ [10] St Paul’s Letters: http://biblescripture. net/1Corinthians. html

Rebecca riots

They attacked the toll gates because they were tangible objects In which to release rustication. However many Rebecca Incidents were regarding dire poverty and general economic conditions in the countryside and not about tolls. The origin of the name Rebecca comes from a biblical quote, â€Å"And they blessed Rebecca and said to her thou art our sister, be thou mother of thousand of millions and let thy seed possess the gate of those which hate them. † (Genesis 24:60). The people saw this as a sign for action against the turnpike trusts.The other origin for Rebecca came from the accepted leader of the first protests Thomas Reese who wore women's clothing when leading the attacks to disguise himself. He was a large man and it's said he borrowed the clothes from a lady named Rebecca. The consequences of the auctions would be serious such as transportation, so the men knew they had to hide their Identity during the attacks. The turnpike trusts were created by private acts of of p arliament. Their purpose was to upgrade specific stretches of road and they were authorized to levy tolls in order to repay their subscribers.The toll gates were increasingly popular in England and Wales. Money was collected to maintain the roads but a number of trusts kept profits for themselves ; many trusts were inefficient and neglected roads. Turnpike trusts were a particular burden for the tenant farmers and the farm workers because of the high toll charges demanded from them when traveling to market. They were forced to pay more than once over a short distance where the roads of the entrusts interlinked. In Carpenter there were 1 1 different Turnpike Trusts operating around the town, there were several gates in Leaning and Swansea as well.Document 10 Is an extract form David Howell a Welsh academic historian from his book â€Å"The Rebecca Riots†. He makes an honest point that â€Å"there is no mistaking their tithing for the harshness of the toll-gate system†. The tenant farmers were oppressed by the English toll renters, the most reviled was Thomas Bulling. The side bars were simple toll gates on the B roads. The side bars were detested â€Å"they saw the farmers hand in his pocket constantly In the course of Just one short Journey and so constituted an ever-present Irritant†, these side bars would catch any traffic the fees of the illegally erected toll-gates.The fees would contribute to dire poverty because they had less money affecting their livelihoods, they would loose on their way to sell produce at market. Rebecca and her daughters took the law into their own hands and violently attacked the side bars leaving the â€Å"legal gates on the main roads intact†. The area had no policing or local government to stop the injustice of the turnpike trusts, this is the reason for the many protests on toll gates which were unguarded. â€Å"They say there is not a bye-lane of any sort by which a cart can get to the lime-kilns wh ich has not a bar or a chain across it.They say if ever there is a lane by which one or two farmers can get to their farms without paying toll, an application is immediately made to the trustees to grant a bar on the lane†. Document 3 by Thomas Campbell Foster, an executive Journalist from the Times newspaper was searching for the root causes of the Rebecca riots. This is a reliable source it confirms David Howell research on the turnpike trusts, that the â€Å"farmers loudly complain about the oppressive nature of tolls†.The turnpike trusts were dishonest they gained money from the toll gates but did not attend the roads,† they could continue to do this because Wales did not have a authorities who would oversee the injustice of the turnpike trust. This source highlights the oppression of the Turnpike Trusts who exacerbated the poverty. Document 2 from the Illustrated London news, the image shows men dressed as women with farming tools attacking toll gates which i s valid. However this source is primary evidence, which means it can be exaggerated, it shows false information.There are children present and some undisguised where they would usually have blackened faces and it's also taking place in daytime when it would be at night. The image further exaggerates the situation as it shows magistrates and gentlemen at the other side of the gates his may be because they were another grievance. Magistrates were a small elite group in society who charged any corrupt sentence they felt. Toll gates were attacked because they were tangible objects and nobody guarded them at night.This source highlights the attention the Rebecca riots brought. This publicity was from London it was an achievement as the government could hear of the riots and poor living conditions in Wales. Document 4 is an extremely a well informed source from the cartoon punch 1843. It's a very popular contemporary magazine known for its humorous portrayal of political issues. This imag e shows the attack of the toll gates, with farmers dressed in omen's clothes with blackened faces carrying the torches and sticks.The riot is taking place at night and engraved on the gate are several issues with caused the Rebecca riots. The grievances are church rate, tithes the poor law and it's union workhouses. On top of the gate are the faces of unpopular landlords or magistrates and on the building is the name â€Å"Robert Peel† a prime minister who introduced income taxes. Popular hatred† and this is a reason why the Rebecca riots looked like â€Å"no more than a violent outburst to the injustice of the turnpike system† but Union houses and almond weirs which distrusted fishing were also attacked.Overall farmers were oppressed by people who â€Å"collectively denied them Justice†. This source has the hindsight of the Rebecca riots it is an entry in the Welsh Academy Encyclopedia of WALES, published by the University of Wales in 2008. It will be a w ell researched source considerably valid used in higher education. Document 9 an extract from ‘Modern Wales 1950' a general academic book, with valid secondary information. David Williams is an historian with hindsight explains â€Å"the government was not content with mere repression.Largely because of the publicity even to the riots by The Times, three special commissioners were appointed in October 1843. † The times was read by the governing class and Journalist Thomas Campbell Foster captured the attention and importance of the Rebecca riots through his researched reports. The publicity caused the authorities to try relieve the grievances and they feared backlash if nothing was helped. â€Å"The commissioners analyses the general causes underlying the riots and in particular, exposed the abuses of the turnpike system. Commissioners were sent to analyses the problems but they did not look into underlying causes. A legal system was introduced because he government ha d previously neglected the area allowing the impressive turnpike trusts. David Williams in his book â€Å"The Rebecca Riots† 1955 described the riots as a gorilla warfare because of the disguised farmers who wore woman's clothes and blackened their faces before attacking the toll gates. David Williams an outstanding historian with a traditional and liberal point of view that argues the social structure is most important at a local level.The traditional â€Å"social ladder† was instrumental as a catalyst to the rioting. He believes the riots would have taken place even without the oppression of the absentee landlords. Religion was of crucial importance as the the tenant farmers were non-conformists and the local squires above them were believers of the Church of England. It was the non conformist preachers who spoke of social and economic conditions in their congregations. Their words were Justified in the bible read in the chapel, â€Å"let thy seed possess the gate o f those which hate them. It was the chapel goers who started this burning fire. The actions of landowners led to poverty. This source calls the landlords â€Å"unsympathetic, culturally alien†, this is because they no longer had paternal instinct to protect their tenants. They were absent landlords who moved because they were attracted to the political and social life in London separate from the tenant farmers. Rents were higher in Wales then the whole of England. The landlords weakened the Welsh economy spending their wealth outside Wales.Document 10 states that â€Å"Rebecca was concerned at the high rents paid by farmers to their landlords and it's likely that had the latter made timely reductions the riots would nor have occurred†. The everyday pressures on the farmers and struggle to cope financially in life were the main reasons for fury in the Replicates. Source ten states â€Å"landlords were retests were not enough and that's why Rebecca had to make a scene a nd use their traditional methods like Chiefly Preen to take their frustration out on landlords.David Howell book, â€Å"In land and people in 19th century Wales† in 1977, provides a detailed examination of the character of land holdings, regulations of ten year and farming techniques. Framing techniques were backward because the tenants were insecure on their land and didn't know if they would be evicted after a year. The book argues that the riots were orchestrated by non-conformist radicals against the local landlords and absent landlords who are higher in the social anarchy. David Howell implies that the situation is a type of class warfare where it's the peasant farmers in rivalry with landlords.His Marxist beliefs and critical of wanting a fair society, blames absentee landlords as well as local landlords for the breakdown in the paternal caring system which has been tradition for centuries in Wales. Absentee landlords increased local landlords rents who then further pas sed the burden onto the peasants. The Chiefly Preen (the wooden horse) tradition started before the sass's as protest due to the atrocious living conditions the people lived in. The roots of the Rebecca riots an be seen in Chiefly Preen where the people would use this as a way of frightening and humiliating someone who had offended the community's values.The men dressed as women and blackened their faces carrying a mock of the unpopular person without having to resort to seeking the help of the authorities. Source E is a poster issued payable LEWIS GROWER the local landowner following the attack on the salmon weir on the river TOEFL at Lechery in Garnisheed from Castle- Amalgam, 24th July 1843. The landowner presents a threatening notice â€Å"Being informed that the people, styling themselves Replicates, were assembled on Lechery Bridge, on Tuesday night, the 18th July, with the declared intention of destroying the SALMON WEIR†.Being a landowner with money he is unaware of h ow affected the farm laborers were by this restriction to their way of food. The Rebecca rioters attacked salmon wires because they belonged to the landowners and they were also tangible objects. â€Å"That upon the commission of any such aggression upon that, or any other part of my Property whatsoever, or upon the Property of any of my Neighbors in the District, I will immediately discharge every Day Laborer at present n my employment; and not restore one of them until the Aggressors shall have been apprehended and convicted. These people did not care about the underlying grievances of the people, Just saw it as them committing criminal acts. He was even willing to put his own laborers out of a Job to catch the people who attacked the salmon weir. There was no sympathy they only looked to protect themselves. There were big social divisions between the gentry and the small tenant farmers which contributed to the riots. Laborers who worked on the land. The gentry tended to belong t o the Church of England and spoke English.They often served as local magistrates or were Poor Law officials or belonged to Turnpike Trusts. They fixed the poor rate, the tolls and the tithes, they were unjust people. They had little in common with those who worked on the land and often made decisions that suited their own Document 7 is extremely useful primary evidence of Mary Thomas a tenant farmers wife to the Commission of Inquiry 1844. This lady represents the working people in West Wales at the time of the Rebecca riots. She explains that tithes were very high, â€Å"we paid E. 82 in January last†¦. N 1842 we paid E. 54 this is the receipt eleven years go we paid E. 50†. Mary Thomas was a respectable woman she was clever with financial matters keeping the receipts as evidence of the forever rising rents. The last time she had tithe to pay she could â€Å"only make up seven sovereigns which she could to squire Thomas agent but he refused to take them†¦ Till I c ould sell something. † There was no sympathy for the hard times, stock for tenant farmers was very low and they were struggling. â€Å"l have nursed 16 children and never owed a farthing that I did not pay in my life. This woman has budgeted her money all this time for her family to survive the hardships. Nor can I or the children go to church or chapel for the want of decent clothing†, she feels ashamed to even attend the chapel that she is paying such high tithes to because she is ashamed of the clothes her family have to wear. She is looking only for a â€Å"little relief† to cope with the financial pressures which caused increasing poverty. This woman would have been taken very seriously, she has genuine grievances presented to the gentlemen.Her evidence provided is reliable because she has receipts to back up her evidence. Religious factors also contributed to the hardships. Landlords were the members of he Anglican church and mostly spoke English, when eigh ty percent of the population of west Wales was Welsh speaking. The area of west Wales believed in non- conformity. Which was the refusal to accept or conform to the doctrines of the Church of England. Document 6 explains how â€Å"The tithes and church rates were still detested by the chapel members who had to make payments to the Church of England. This is because income of tenant farmers was further reduced because of the tithes they had to pay. Tithes were originally payments made for the support of the parish church, these payments were made in kind, for example crops or wool. Tithes were paid to the Anglican Church in almost all Welsh parishes once a year. In 1836, an Act was passed replacing payment in kind by a money payment that was fixed by the vicar or sometimes by the local landowner. They resented having to pay tithes to a church that was not their own.Another cause for discontent was the new Poor Law set up in England and Wales in 1834. Document C is from Neil Evans an honorary research fellow from the School of History and Archaeology in Cardiff University. This source is an historic news report on BBC website, it quotes†Under the new system, if you did not have enough money o support yourself you had to go into one of the new workhouses where conditions were to be worse than the worst paid laborer outside†. The rioters attacked workhouses as well as tollgates. The law meant that poor relief was no longer paid to the able-bodied poor.Instead, they were forced to live in a workhouse where conditions were deliberately made harsher than the worst conditions outside, this was called the workhouse test because the government believed that the cause of different parts of the workhouse. The poor were made to wear a uniform and the diet was monotonous. There were also strict rules and regulations to follow. Inmates, male and female, young and old were made to work hard, often doing unpleasant jobs such as picking oakum or breaking stones. Ch ildren could also find themselves hired out to work in factories or mines. In the past, they had often given food and goods to the poor but now they were expected to pay for building the hated workhouses. This meant paying rates and they had little spare cash†. The workhouses persecuted the poor, families were split up husbands separated from wives and their children. The farmers believed the system was cruel and expensive. This source has very useful information about the workhouse conditions. It is reliable because he is an academic historian and has valuable hindsight on the Rebecca riots. His research aims to inform and educate the public as it's in a BBC report.Abject poverty was the main grievance of the people of west Wales. It was distress and semi-starvation which led the country people to march under the banners of Rebecca. Source A explains â€Å"The attacks on the toll-gates were almost accidental. The main cause the mischief is beyond doubt the poverty of the far mers. † The people had become dissatisfied at every tax and burden they have been called upon to pay, it was too much pressure and it was impossible to cope. The tolls were undoubtedly an unjust imposition this was the breaking point â€Å"which has fanned this discontent into a flame†.Thomas Campbell Foster, a Journalist sent to report on the Rebecca riots, writing in an article in the London newspaper, The Times (26 June 1843) studied the livelihoods of the people and delivered honest feedback of their main reasons for the rioting which was more than the injustice of the turnpike system it was the deep rooted deprivation. â€Å"In the most miserable part of SST Giles (a slum area of London), in no part of England, did I ever witness such abject poverty. These are living conditions which Foster describes.Thomas Campbell foster empathetic with the people and contributed to the awareness of the Rebecca riots he was trusted by the people of West Wales and eventually help ed the government set up the Commission of inquiry into the dire poverty and agitation in West Wales. â€Å"Agricultural laborers arrive at starvation point rather than apply for poor relief, knowing that if they do so they will be dragged into the Union Workhouse, where they will be placed themselves in one yard, their wives in another, their male children in a third and their daughters in a fourth.Many people thought that the poor law was wrong as it humiliated and punished people who were poor through no fault of their own. People of the workhouse were not well fed Thomas Foster reports â€Å"The bread which I saw in a Workhouse is made entirely of barley and is nearly black. It has a gritty and rather sour taste. † The workhouses were like prisons for the poor. The historian, John Davies informs us in Document 1, that a rise in population, â€Å"Demographic factors were at the root of the crisis†. This led to competition for land and insecurity which ruthless land owners used to their advantage.Farmers constantly feared eviction if they were unable to pay rent. Most of the farmers in rented their land from wealthy landlords. The landlords were arrogant wanted to make more money and started to reduce the number of smallholdings available to rent they then created larger farms that could only be rented at a much higher price. Poor harvests in 1837 and 1838 increased shortages and poverty. There was a good harvest in 1842, but this did not benefit because that was a year of economic depression, so industrial workers could not afford to buy agricultural goods.Houses f the farm laborers were like mud hovels with no furniture they were cold and dire. Most had no beds Just loose straw and rags which was extremely unhealthy. The laborers had peat fires a cheap and poor coal that filled the home with smoke. Source B is by James Rogers of Carpenter, a corn merchant, giving evidence to the Commission of Inquiry into the causes of the Rebecca riots (1844 ). This is primary proof of the continuous hardships the people faced. † In the year 1840, which was a very wet summer, nearly all the farmers had to purchase corn, either for seed or bread.This distress has not been the result of one or two or three years, but a series of at least twenty. The value of the farmer's land and property has decreased in value while the rates, taxes, tithes and rent have been increased. This made the farmers very distressed. † To sum up, dire poverty had led to a serious situation in Wales. The attention of the authorities provided a compromise of a â€Å"moderate settlement of the worst abuses†. The government eventually suppressed the Rebecca riots, using troops and the full force of the law. Some rioters were caught and sentenced to transportation.Social notations gradually improved and the laws controlling turnpike trusts was amended eventually railway development eased the pressures of a growing population as farmers moved away in search of industrial employment. West Wales provided an easier market for produce and a safety valve for surplus population. People could move more easily to find work and this helped reduce pressure in rural areas for jobs. The ending of the Corn Laws in 1846, and attempts in 1847 to make the Poor Law more attractive also helped. â€Å"As a result Rebecca disappeared from view to become a proud memory of the Welsh heritage. † Hollies John Rebecca riots They attacked the toll gates because they were tangible objects In which to release rustication. However many Rebecca Incidents were regarding dire poverty and general economic conditions in the countryside and not about tolls. The origin of the name Rebecca comes from a biblical quote, â€Å"And they blessed Rebecca and said to her thou art our sister, be thou mother of thousand of millions and let thy seed possess the gate of those which hate them. † (Genesis 24:60). The people saw this as a sign for action against the turnpike trusts.The other origin for Rebecca came from the accepted leader of the first protests Thomas Reese who wore women's clothing when leading the attacks to disguise himself. He was a large man and it's said he borrowed the clothes from a lady named Rebecca. The consequences of the auctions would be serious such as transportation, so the men knew they had to hide their Identity during the attacks. The turnpike trusts were created by private acts of of p arliament. Their purpose was to upgrade specific stretches of road and they were authorized to levy tolls in order to repay their subscribers.The toll gates were increasingly popular in England and Wales. Money was collected to maintain the roads but a number of trusts kept profits for themselves ; many trusts were inefficient and neglected roads. Turnpike trusts were a particular burden for the tenant farmers and the farm workers because of the high toll charges demanded from them when traveling to market. They were forced to pay more than once over a short distance where the roads of the entrusts interlinked. In Carpenter there were 1 1 different Turnpike Trusts operating around the town, there were several gates in Leaning and Swansea as well.Document 10 Is an extract form David Howell a Welsh academic historian from his book â€Å"The Rebecca Riots†. He makes an honest point that â€Å"there is no mistaking their tithing for the harshness of the toll-gate system†. The tenant farmers were oppressed by the English toll renters, the most reviled was Thomas Bulling. The side bars were simple toll gates on the B roads. The side bars were detested â€Å"they saw the farmers hand in his pocket constantly In the course of Just one short Journey and so constituted an ever-present Irritant†, these side bars would catch any traffic the fees of the illegally erected toll-gates.The fees would contribute to dire poverty because they had less money affecting their livelihoods, they would loose on their way to sell produce at market. Rebecca and her daughters took the law into their own hands and violently attacked the side bars leaving the â€Å"legal gates on the main roads intact†. The area had no policing or local government to stop the injustice of the turnpike trusts, this is the reason for the many protests on toll gates which were unguarded. â€Å"They say there is not a bye-lane of any sort by which a cart can get to the lime-kilns wh ich has not a bar or a chain across it.They say if ever there is a lane by which one or two farmers can get to their farms without paying toll, an application is immediately made to the trustees to grant a bar on the lane†. Document 3 by Thomas Campbell Foster, an executive Journalist from the Times newspaper was searching for the root causes of the Rebecca riots. This is a reliable source it confirms David Howell research on the turnpike trusts, that the â€Å"farmers loudly complain about the oppressive nature of tolls†.The turnpike trusts were dishonest they gained money from the toll gates but did not attend the roads,† they could continue to do this because Wales did not have a authorities who would oversee the injustice of the turnpike trust. This source highlights the oppression of the Turnpike Trusts who exacerbated the poverty. Document 2 from the Illustrated London news, the image shows men dressed as women with farming tools attacking toll gates which i s valid. However this source is primary evidence, which means it can be exaggerated, it shows false information.There are children present and some undisguised where they would usually have blackened faces and it's also taking place in daytime when it would be at night. The image further exaggerates the situation as it shows magistrates and gentlemen at the other side of the gates his may be because they were another grievance. Magistrates were a small elite group in society who charged any corrupt sentence they felt. Toll gates were attacked because they were tangible objects and nobody guarded them at night.This source highlights the attention the Rebecca riots brought. This publicity was from London it was an achievement as the government could hear of the riots and poor living conditions in Wales. Document 4 is an extremely a well informed source from the cartoon punch 1843. It's a very popular contemporary magazine known for its humorous portrayal of political issues. This imag e shows the attack of the toll gates, with farmers dressed in omen's clothes with blackened faces carrying the torches and sticks.The riot is taking place at night and engraved on the gate are several issues with caused the Rebecca riots. The grievances are church rate, tithes the poor law and it's union workhouses. On top of the gate are the faces of unpopular landlords or magistrates and on the building is the name â€Å"Robert Peel† a prime minister who introduced income taxes. Popular hatred† and this is a reason why the Rebecca riots looked like â€Å"no more than a violent outburst to the injustice of the turnpike system† but Union houses and almond weirs which distrusted fishing were also attacked.Overall farmers were oppressed by people who â€Å"collectively denied them Justice†. This source has the hindsight of the Rebecca riots it is an entry in the Welsh Academy Encyclopedia of WALES, published by the University of Wales in 2008. It will be a w ell researched source considerably valid used in higher education. Document 9 an extract from ‘Modern Wales 1950' a general academic book, with valid secondary information. David Williams is an historian with hindsight explains â€Å"the government was not content with mere repression.Largely because of the publicity even to the riots by The Times, three special commissioners were appointed in October 1843. † The times was read by the governing class and Journalist Thomas Campbell Foster captured the attention and importance of the Rebecca riots through his researched reports. The publicity caused the authorities to try relieve the grievances and they feared backlash if nothing was helped. â€Å"The commissioners analyses the general causes underlying the riots and in particular, exposed the abuses of the turnpike system. Commissioners were sent to analyses the problems but they did not look into underlying causes. A legal system was introduced because he government ha d previously neglected the area allowing the impressive turnpike trusts. David Williams in his book â€Å"The Rebecca Riots† 1955 described the riots as a gorilla warfare because of the disguised farmers who wore woman's clothes and blackened their faces before attacking the toll gates. David Williams an outstanding historian with a traditional and liberal point of view that argues the social structure is most important at a local level.The traditional â€Å"social ladder† was instrumental as a catalyst to the rioting. He believes the riots would have taken place even without the oppression of the absentee landlords. Religion was of crucial importance as the the tenant farmers were non-conformists and the local squires above them were believers of the Church of England. It was the non conformist preachers who spoke of social and economic conditions in their congregations. Their words were Justified in the bible read in the chapel, â€Å"let thy seed possess the gate o f those which hate them. It was the chapel goers who started this burning fire. The actions of landowners led to poverty. This source calls the landlords â€Å"unsympathetic, culturally alien†, this is because they no longer had paternal instinct to protect their tenants. They were absent landlords who moved because they were attracted to the political and social life in London separate from the tenant farmers. Rents were higher in Wales then the whole of England. The landlords weakened the Welsh economy spending their wealth outside Wales.Document 10 states that â€Å"Rebecca was concerned at the high rents paid by farmers to their landlords and it's likely that had the latter made timely reductions the riots would nor have occurred†. The everyday pressures on the farmers and struggle to cope financially in life were the main reasons for fury in the Replicates. Source ten states â€Å"landlords were retests were not enough and that's why Rebecca had to make a scene a nd use their traditional methods like Chiefly Preen to take their frustration out on landlords.David Howell book, â€Å"In land and people in 19th century Wales† in 1977, provides a detailed examination of the character of land holdings, regulations of ten year and farming techniques. Framing techniques were backward because the tenants were insecure on their land and didn't know if they would be evicted after a year. The book argues that the riots were orchestrated by non-conformist radicals against the local landlords and absent landlords who are higher in the social anarchy. David Howell implies that the situation is a type of class warfare where it's the peasant farmers in rivalry with landlords.His Marxist beliefs and critical of wanting a fair society, blames absentee landlords as well as local landlords for the breakdown in the paternal caring system which has been tradition for centuries in Wales. Absentee landlords increased local landlords rents who then further pas sed the burden onto the peasants. The Chiefly Preen (the wooden horse) tradition started before the sass's as protest due to the atrocious living conditions the people lived in. The roots of the Rebecca riots an be seen in Chiefly Preen where the people would use this as a way of frightening and humiliating someone who had offended the community's values.The men dressed as women and blackened their faces carrying a mock of the unpopular person without having to resort to seeking the help of the authorities. Source E is a poster issued payable LEWIS GROWER the local landowner following the attack on the salmon weir on the river TOEFL at Lechery in Garnisheed from Castle- Amalgam, 24th July 1843. The landowner presents a threatening notice â€Å"Being informed that the people, styling themselves Replicates, were assembled on Lechery Bridge, on Tuesday night, the 18th July, with the declared intention of destroying the SALMON WEIR†.Being a landowner with money he is unaware of h ow affected the farm laborers were by this restriction to their way of food. The Rebecca rioters attacked salmon wires because they belonged to the landowners and they were also tangible objects. â€Å"That upon the commission of any such aggression upon that, or any other part of my Property whatsoever, or upon the Property of any of my Neighbors in the District, I will immediately discharge every Day Laborer at present n my employment; and not restore one of them until the Aggressors shall have been apprehended and convicted. These people did not care about the underlying grievances of the people, Just saw it as them committing criminal acts. He was even willing to put his own laborers out of a Job to catch the people who attacked the salmon weir. There was no sympathy they only looked to protect themselves. There were big social divisions between the gentry and the small tenant farmers which contributed to the riots. Laborers who worked on the land. The gentry tended to belong t o the Church of England and spoke English.They often served as local magistrates or were Poor Law officials or belonged to Turnpike Trusts. They fixed the poor rate, the tolls and the tithes, they were unjust people. They had little in common with those who worked on the land and often made decisions that suited their own Document 7 is extremely useful primary evidence of Mary Thomas a tenant farmers wife to the Commission of Inquiry 1844. This lady represents the working people in West Wales at the time of the Rebecca riots. She explains that tithes were very high, â€Å"we paid E. 82 in January last†¦. N 1842 we paid E. 54 this is the receipt eleven years go we paid E. 50†. Mary Thomas was a respectable woman she was clever with financial matters keeping the receipts as evidence of the forever rising rents. The last time she had tithe to pay she could â€Å"only make up seven sovereigns which she could to squire Thomas agent but he refused to take them†¦ Till I c ould sell something. † There was no sympathy for the hard times, stock for tenant farmers was very low and they were struggling. â€Å"l have nursed 16 children and never owed a farthing that I did not pay in my life. This woman has budgeted her money all this time for her family to survive the hardships. Nor can I or the children go to church or chapel for the want of decent clothing†, she feels ashamed to even attend the chapel that she is paying such high tithes to because she is ashamed of the clothes her family have to wear. She is looking only for a â€Å"little relief† to cope with the financial pressures which caused increasing poverty. This woman would have been taken very seriously, she has genuine grievances presented to the gentlemen.Her evidence provided is reliable because she has receipts to back up her evidence. Religious factors also contributed to the hardships. Landlords were the members of he Anglican church and mostly spoke English, when eigh ty percent of the population of west Wales was Welsh speaking. The area of west Wales believed in non- conformity. Which was the refusal to accept or conform to the doctrines of the Church of England. Document 6 explains how â€Å"The tithes and church rates were still detested by the chapel members who had to make payments to the Church of England. This is because income of tenant farmers was further reduced because of the tithes they had to pay. Tithes were originally payments made for the support of the parish church, these payments were made in kind, for example crops or wool. Tithes were paid to the Anglican Church in almost all Welsh parishes once a year. In 1836, an Act was passed replacing payment in kind by a money payment that was fixed by the vicar or sometimes by the local landowner. They resented having to pay tithes to a church that was not their own.Another cause for discontent was the new Poor Law set up in England and Wales in 1834. Document C is from Neil Evans an honorary research fellow from the School of History and Archaeology in Cardiff University. This source is an historic news report on BBC website, it quotes†Under the new system, if you did not have enough money o support yourself you had to go into one of the new workhouses where conditions were to be worse than the worst paid laborer outside†. The rioters attacked workhouses as well as tollgates. The law meant that poor relief was no longer paid to the able-bodied poor.Instead, they were forced to live in a workhouse where conditions were deliberately made harsher than the worst conditions outside, this was called the workhouse test because the government believed that the cause of different parts of the workhouse. The poor were made to wear a uniform and the diet was monotonous. There were also strict rules and regulations to follow. Inmates, male and female, young and old were made to work hard, often doing unpleasant jobs such as picking oakum or breaking stones. Ch ildren could also find themselves hired out to work in factories or mines. In the past, they had often given food and goods to the poor but now they were expected to pay for building the hated workhouses. This meant paying rates and they had little spare cash†. The workhouses persecuted the poor, families were split up husbands separated from wives and their children. The farmers believed the system was cruel and expensive. This source has very useful information about the workhouse conditions. It is reliable because he is an academic historian and has valuable hindsight on the Rebecca riots. His research aims to inform and educate the public as it's in a BBC report.Abject poverty was the main grievance of the people of west Wales. It was distress and semi-starvation which led the country people to march under the banners of Rebecca. Source A explains â€Å"The attacks on the toll-gates were almost accidental. The main cause the mischief is beyond doubt the poverty of the far mers. † The people had become dissatisfied at every tax and burden they have been called upon to pay, it was too much pressure and it was impossible to cope. The tolls were undoubtedly an unjust imposition this was the breaking point â€Å"which has fanned this discontent into a flame†.Thomas Campbell Foster, a Journalist sent to report on the Rebecca riots, writing in an article in the London newspaper, The Times (26 June 1843) studied the livelihoods of the people and delivered honest feedback of their main reasons for the rioting which was more than the injustice of the turnpike system it was the deep rooted deprivation. â€Å"In the most miserable part of SST Giles (a slum area of London), in no part of England, did I ever witness such abject poverty. These are living conditions which Foster describes.Thomas Campbell foster empathetic with the people and contributed to the awareness of the Rebecca riots he was trusted by the people of West Wales and eventually help ed the government set up the Commission of inquiry into the dire poverty and agitation in West Wales. â€Å"Agricultural laborers arrive at starvation point rather than apply for poor relief, knowing that if they do so they will be dragged into the Union Workhouse, where they will be placed themselves in one yard, their wives in another, their male children in a third and their daughters in a fourth.Many people thought that the poor law was wrong as it humiliated and punished people who were poor through no fault of their own. People of the workhouse were not well fed Thomas Foster reports â€Å"The bread which I saw in a Workhouse is made entirely of barley and is nearly black. It has a gritty and rather sour taste. † The workhouses were like prisons for the poor. The historian, John Davies informs us in Document 1, that a rise in population, â€Å"Demographic factors were at the root of the crisis†. This led to competition for land and insecurity which ruthless land owners used to their advantage.Farmers constantly feared eviction if they were unable to pay rent. Most of the farmers in rented their land from wealthy landlords. The landlords were arrogant wanted to make more money and started to reduce the number of smallholdings available to rent they then created larger farms that could only be rented at a much higher price. Poor harvests in 1837 and 1838 increased shortages and poverty. There was a good harvest in 1842, but this did not benefit because that was a year of economic depression, so industrial workers could not afford to buy agricultural goods.Houses f the farm laborers were like mud hovels with no furniture they were cold and dire. Most had no beds Just loose straw and rags which was extremely unhealthy. The laborers had peat fires a cheap and poor coal that filled the home with smoke. Source B is by James Rogers of Carpenter, a corn merchant, giving evidence to the Commission of Inquiry into the causes of the Rebecca riots (1844 ). This is primary proof of the continuous hardships the people faced. † In the year 1840, which was a very wet summer, nearly all the farmers had to purchase corn, either for seed or bread.This distress has not been the result of one or two or three years, but a series of at least twenty. The value of the farmer's land and property has decreased in value while the rates, taxes, tithes and rent have been increased. This made the farmers very distressed. † To sum up, dire poverty had led to a serious situation in Wales. The attention of the authorities provided a compromise of a â€Å"moderate settlement of the worst abuses†. The government eventually suppressed the Rebecca riots, using troops and the full force of the law. Some rioters were caught and sentenced to transportation.Social notations gradually improved and the laws controlling turnpike trusts was amended eventually railway development eased the pressures of a growing population as farmers moved away in search of industrial employment. West Wales provided an easier market for produce and a safety valve for surplus population. People could move more easily to find work and this helped reduce pressure in rural areas for jobs. The ending of the Corn Laws in 1846, and attempts in 1847 to make the Poor Law more attractive also helped. â€Å"As a result Rebecca disappeared from view to become a proud memory of the Welsh heritage. † Hollies John